P\nXI imkv{Xw

k´m\§Ä amXm]nXm¡fpsS hwi]mc¼cyw \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw AtXmsSm¸w Nne hyXnbm\§Ä {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. amXm]nXm¡fpsS kz`mh hntij§Ä k´m\§fnte¡p ]Icp¶ {]{Inb¡mWv hwi]mc¼cyw (Heredity) F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. amXm]nXm¡fn \n¶p `n¶ambn k´m\§Ä {]ISn¸n¡p¶ kz`mh hntij§Ä¡p hyXnbm\§Ä (Variations) F¶pw  ]dbp¶p. Cu hwi ]mc¼cys¯bpw hyXnbm\§sfbpw Ipdn¨p {]Xn]mZn¡p¶ Poh imkv{XimJbmWv P\nXI imkv{Xw (Geneticts). Irjn, arKkwc£Ww, sshZy imkv{Xwþ XpS§nb taJeIfn P\nXIimkv{Xw krjv Sn¨ hn¹hIcamb amä§Ä a\pjycmin¡p henb A\p{Klambn¯oÀ¶n«p­v.

Hmkv{Snb¡mc\mbncp¶ {KnKÀsa³U (1822þ1884) F¶ imkv{XÚ\mWv Cu imkv {XimJbpsS ]nXmhv. ]bÀ sNSnIfn At±lw \S¯nb ]co£W§fmWp P\nXI imkv{X¯n\v ASn¯d ]mInbXv. sa³U Xsâ ]co£W§Ä 1865  {]kn²s¸Sp¯nsb¦nepw 1900 hsc AXv BcpsSbpw {i²bnÂs¸«ncp¶nÃ. A§s\ 20þmw \qäm­p ]nd¶p. Cu \qäm­v P\nXI imkv{X¯nsâ A{]XnlXamb apt¶ä¯nsâ bpKambn¯oÀ¶p. amXm]nXm¡fpsS {]Xyp¸mZ\ tImi§fnse Nne LSI§fmWv k´m\§fpsS kz`mh§Ä \nÀ®bn¡p¶sX¶v sa³U kaÀYn¨ncp¶p. ]t£, ]mc¼cy kz`mh§fpsS hmlIÀ t{ImtamtkmapIfn AS§nbncn¡p¶ Po\pIfmsW¶v 1903  hmÄ«À Fkv. k«¬ F¶ imkv{XÚ\mWp Is­¯nbXv. CXnsâ klmb t¯msS ]n¡me¯v P\nXI F©n\obdnwKv cq]w sIm­p (Genetic Engineering).Bhiyamb Po\pIÄ \o¡w sNbvtXm Iq«nt¨Àt¯m Hcp PohnbpsS P\nXI kz`mh¯n Øncamb amäap­m¡p¶ {]{InbbmWv P\nXI F©n\obdnwKv. tcmK ImcW§fmb Po\pIsf \o¡w sNbvXp ]Icw AtcmK Po\pIsf {]XnjvTn¨p ]mc¼cy tcmK§fn \n¶p c£s¸Sm\pÅ amÀ¤w "P\nänIv F©n\obdnwKv' sh«ns¯fn¨ncn¡p¶p. NnIn kbv¡pw {]Xntcm[¯n\pw Bhiyamb tlmÀtamWpIÄ, F³sskapIÄ, Bânt_mUnIÄ F¶nh P\nXI F©n\obdnwKnsâ klmbt¯msS C¶p h³tXmXn \nÀ ½n¨p hcp¶p.

Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nsâ kmbmÓw Cu cwK¯v Hcp apt¶äaÃ, FSp¯p Nm«w Xs¶ krjvSn¡pIbp­mbn. 1952  tdm_À«v {_Kvkv, tXmakv InwKv F¶o c­v Atacn¡³ imkv{XÚ·mÀ BZyambn P´p¡fn t¢mWnMv \S¯n. Xhfap«bn \n¶pw A Xnsâ \yq¢nbkv ]dns¨Sp¯v AXn\p ]Icw, XhfbpsS icoctImi¯n \n¶p ]dns¨Sp¯ asämcp \yq¢nbkv AhnsS Øm]n¨p. ap« hfÀ¯n asämcp Xhfbv¡v AhÀ P·w \ÂIn. 1962 {_n«ojv imkv{XÚ\mb tPm¬ IÀtUm¬ Cu coXnbn XhfbpsS At\Iw ImÀ_¬ tIm¸nIÄ \nÀ½n¨p. 1978 Pqsse 25 \p e­\nse HmÄUmw tlmkv]näen {]Ya sSÌv Syq_v iniphn\p P·w \ÂIns¡m­p imkv{Xw AXnsâ t\«§fpsS cmP]mXbn Hcp \mgnI¡ÃpIqSn \m«n. ]t£, AXv \mfnXphsc AwKoIcn¨p h¶ P\nXI XXz§Ä¡v Hcp shÃpshfnbmbncp¶nÃ. kv{XobpsS A Þhpw ]pcpjsâ _oPhpw ]pds¯Sp¯p Hcp sSÌväyq_n {`qWw cq]s¸Sp¯n Hcp kv{XobpsS KÀ`mib¯n \nt£]n¨v Hcp iniphn\p P·w \ÂIpIbmWv ChnsS D­mbXv. AI¯p \St¡­ _oPk¦e\w ]pds¯Sp¯p \S¯nsb¶p am{Xw.

F¶m 1997 s^{_phcnbn kvtIm«veâpImc\mb Cbm³ hnÂap«v temI¯n\p ImgvNsh¨ tUmfn F¶ t¢mWnMv arKw P\nXIimkv{X¯nsâ Gäw henb C{µPmehpw Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nse amlmZv`pXhpw Xs¶bmbncp¶p. BtKmfXe¯n t¢m WnMv CtXmsS Hcp t_WnMv amädmbn¯oÀ¶p. aXþimkv{Xþ kmaqlnI thZnIfnseÃmw tImemle§Ä¡pw hmKzmZ§Ä¡pw AXp \mµnIpdn¨p.

F´mWv CÆnjbIambn C{Xbpw Dujvafamb kmÀÆ{XnI NÀ¨ \S¡m\pÅ ImcWw? AXp asäm¶paÃ; Hcp kkvX\nbmb sN½cnbm«nemWv hnÂap«nsâ t¢mWnMv hnPbn¨Xv. At¸mÄ a\pjy\n AXp hnPbn¡psa¶v Gsd¡psd Dd¸mbn¡gnªncp¶p. AXpsIm­p Xs¶ ""C¶p tUmfn \msf CSb³'' F¶p hnÂap«v kss[cyw {]Jym]n¡pIbpap­mbn. AXp kw`hn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. temIs¯ \Sp¡ns¡m­v, 2002 Un kw_dn H¶mas¯ t¢m¬ a\pjy³ ]ndhn sIm­Xmbn dnt¸mÀ«p h¶p. F´mWp t¢mWnMnsâ clkyw? AXnsâ `hnjy¯pIÄ Fs´ms¡bmWv? AXp a\pjycnte¡p _m[Iam¡p¶Xv aXZrjvSym A\phZ\obamtWm? BsW¦nepw Asænepw t¢mWnMv inip P\n¡m\nSh¶m Ah\p am\pjnI AhImi§fpw _m[yXIfpapt­m? Ah\v AÑ\½amÀ D­mbncn¡ptam? Xmsg ioÀjI§Ä hmbn¡pI.

(1) {]XypÂ]mZ\w a\pjycnepw CXcPohnIfnepw.

(2) F´mWp t¢mWnMv?

(3) t¢mWn§nsâ clkyw

(4) t¢mWnMv P´phÀK§fnÂ

(5) t¢mWnMv CkvemanI ho£W¯nÂ