t¢mWnMv P´phÀK§fnÂ

{`qWw hfcp¶ BZyL«¯n GXp tImi¯n\pw ]qÀ®hfÀ¨sb¯nb Pohnbmbn¯ocm\pÅ Ignhp­v. hfÀ¨ ]ptcmKan¡pt¼mÄ Cu tImi§Ä {]tXyI [À½w am{Xw \nÀÆln¡m³ ]änb hn[¯n cmk]cambpw cq]]cambpw amdn¯ocp¶p. CXn\p hnt`Z\w F¶mWp ]dbpI. \mUo tImi§Ä, t]iotImi§Ä F¶nh {]tXyI [Àaw \nÀÆln¡m³ th­n cq]m´cw h¶hbmWtÃm. cq]m´cw h¶ tImi§Ä¡p ]gb AhØbnte¡p Xncn¨p amdm³ ]änà F¶mbncp¶p s]mXp hnizmkw. {`qWtImi§fn \n¶p \yq¢nbkv FSp¯p ]pXnb {`qW§fmbn t¢m¬ sN¿p¶XnÂ, tUmfn¡p P·w \ÂIp¶Xn\v Hcp hÀjw ap¼pXs¶ hnÂap«v hnPbn¨ncp¶p. Cu coXnbnemWv Atacn¡³ imkv{XÚ\mb tUm. tUm¬ hqÂ^v BZys¯ t¢m¬ Ipc§pIfmb t\än (Neti), Untäm (Ditto) F¶nhbv¡p P·w \ÂInbXv. (1)

F¶m {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb Hcp P´phnsâ icoctImi¯n \n¶p t¢mWnMv \S¯mtam? CXmbncp¶p imkv{X temI¯nsâ kwibw. XpSÀ¶p \S¶ KthjW§Ä Cu kwib¯n\p XncÈoebn«p. P´phÀ¤¯n XhfIfnemWv BZyambn t¢mWnMv \S¶Xv. 1962  HmIvkvt^mÀUnse tUm. tPm¬KÀU³ F¶ imkv{XÚ\mWv AXp km[n¨Xv. At±lw kot\m¸kv (XENOPUS) F¶ XhfbpsS AÞ¯nse \yq¢nbkv, AÄ{Smhbeäv civanIfp]tbmKn¨p \in¸n¨p; ]Icw asämcp XhfbpsS IpSense tIm i¯n \ns¶Sp¯ \yq¢nbkv IS¯nhn«p. AXmbXv AÞ¯nse Hcp skäp t{Imatkman\p ]Icw c­p skäp t{ImatkmapÅ IpSÂtImi¯nse \yq¢nbkv Øm]n¨p. cq]m´c¯nsâ hnhn[ L«§Ä ]n¶n«v Ahkm\w c­mw XhfbpsS X\n¸IÀ¸mb asämcp Xhfbp­mbn. \yq¢nbkv amänsh¡s¸« AÞ§fn Hcp iXam\w am{Xta CÆn[w ]qÀ®hfÀ¨sb¯nb XhfIfmbn¯oÀ¶pÅq.(1)

]t£, XhfIfn hnPbn¨ t¢mWnMv kkvX\nIfn hnPbn¡ptam F¶p imkv{XÚÀ kwibn¨p. ImcWw, _oPkwtbmKhpw {`qW hfÀ¨bpw icoc¯n\p ]pd¯p\S¡p¶ Hcp PohnbmWp Xhf. kkvX\nIfpsS {`qWw KÀ`]m{X¯nemWp hfcp¶Xv. NqSpÅ càw, \s«Ãv, NÀ½w, tcmaw, tkzZ {KÙnIÄ, kv{Xo kvX\§Ä, inip¡Ä Poht\msS P\n¨p ape IpSn¨p hfcpI XpS§nb Imcy§fmWp kkvX\nIfpsS khntijXIÄ. a\pjy³, \cn, ]pen, ]q¨, \mb, I¶pImenIÄ, Nps­en, XnanwKew, hÆm F¶nhsbÃmw kkvX\nIfmWv. kkvX\nIfn t¢mWnMv hnPbn¡pIbnsömbncp¶p ]e imkv{XÚ·mcpsSbpw A`n{]mbw. tUmfnbpsS P\\w Cu A`n{]mbw Xncp¯n.

(1) ]mc¼cyhpw t¢mWnwKpw F¶ ioÀjIw ImWpI