Hcp
ssZhZqXsâ BKaw A\nhmcyamb ImekÔnbnemWv apl½Zv apkvX^ (kz) XuloZnsâ ]XmIhmlI\mbn
Atd_ybpsS DujcXbn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. tdma³, {Ko¡v, t]Àjy³, C´y³, ssN\okv \mKcnIXIÄ
PoÀ®X ]nSns]«v `mhnbnte¡pÅ Ka\w Akm[yamw hn[w PUmhØbnte¡v
\o§pt¼mgmbnbncp¶p ]pXnsbmcp ZÀi\¯neqsS {]hmNI³ \nehnse hyhØnXnbpsS
s]mfns¨gp¯n\v \mµn Ipdn¨Xv. am\hcminbpsS AXphscbpÅ Ncn{X¯n CXn\v kam\amsbmcp
hgn¯ncnhv Hcn¡epapmbn«nÃ. ImelcWs¸« temI {Ia¯nte¡v ]pXnsbmcp
aqehnNmcw k¶nthin¸n¨v, \nJne taJeIfnepw hn¹hIcamb amdd§Ä k^eam¡pIbmbncp¶p
ap¯v \_n. Zpjn¨ aXhpw Pcm\c _m[n¨ kmaqlnI {Iahpw NqjtWm]IcWambn amdnb
`cW hyhØnXnbpsaÃmw k½m\n¨ PohnX tbmKyaÃm¯ Hcp ImeL«s¯ ]ngpsXdnªv \oXnbpw
kaXzhpw kam[m\hpw kakrjvSn `mhhpw hgnsªmgpIp¶ ]pXnb hyhØbnte¡v {]hmNI³
IhmS§Ä Xpd¶nSpIbmbncp¶p. ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXIfpsS ih¸d¼nemWv {]Xo£bpsS _ZÂ
temIs¯ \_n (kz) ]Sp¯pbÀ¯p¶Xv. GsX¦nepw Hcp hn`mK¯n\v am{Xaà am\h
cmin¡mIam\w Ckvemansâ ZÀi\§Ä km´z\ambn F¶XmWv FSp¯p ]dtb khntijX.
{]hmNI³ ssIhcn¨ t\«s¯ Fw.F³ tdmbn hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xn§s\bmWv.
"The phenominal
success of Islam was prillimarily due to its revolutionary
significance and its ability to lead the marses and of the hopless
situation created by the decay of the antique civilization not only of
Greece and Rome but of Persia and China and of India"
Bdmw \qämnÂ
A¶dnbs¸« FÃm kwkvIrXnIfpw A\nhmcyamb \hoIcWhpw am\hoIcWhpw tXSpt¼mgmWv
{]Xo£mIncW§Ä sNmcnªv, AXnsâ kIe hn¹hmßI `mh§fpambn Ckvemw IS¶p h¶sX¶v
{]IoÀ¯n¡s¸SpIbmWnhnsS.
a\pjycmin
Ct¶ hsc I Gddhpw _rl¯mb km{amPyambmWv tdma³ cmjv{Sobm[oiXzs¯
Ncn{XImc·mÀ hntijn¸n¨Xv. AXvemânIv apXÂ Gjym ssa\À hsc hym]n¨p InS¡p¶
{]hnimeamb `q]cn[n tdmansâ taÂtImbvabnembncp¶p. kndnbbpw CuPn]vXpw
saks]mt«anbbpw tdma³ B[n]Xy¯n\v Iognembncp¶p. t]Àjy kmkm\nZv \mKcnIXbpsS
Iogn ss[jWnIhpw kÀKmXvaIhpamb taJeIfn Øm]ns¨Sp¯ HuPeyw CXc P\X AÂ`pX
kvX_v[cmbn t\m¡n \n¡pIbmbncp¶p. "DÂIrjvSambsXÃmw' {Ko¡nsâ Ip¯Ibmbncp¶p.
C´y HcXnibambpw \nKqVambpw a[yImeL«¯nsâ a\ÊpIsf aYn¨p. AXn¶nSbnte¡mWv
hc Atd_y³ acp`qanbn IhnXbpw IfnXamiIfpambn Ignªp IqSnb Hcp P\XbnÂ
\n¶v \nc£c\mb Hcp {]hmNI³ amä¯nsâ ImlfaqXn Cd§n hcp¶Xv.
Ccpfnsâ Kplbn \n¶v
Cu
hn¹h¯nsâ DÂ`hw Hcp Kplbn \n¶mWv, "lnd' F¶ XaÊn \n¶mWv s]mfns¨gp¯n\mbpÅ
shfn¨w `qanbmsI NnXdn hogp¶Xv. Xsâ ZÀi\¯nsâ hnfw_cw Hcp sIm¨p
aeapIfnemWv {]hmNI³ t{]mZvLmS\w sN¿p¶Xv. {InkvXm_vZw 610 Â ""AÃmlphÃmsX
Bcm[y\nsöv'. F®aä ssZh§sf Bcm[n¨p t]m¶ Hc P\Xsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw tIÄ¡m³
C¼apÅ Hcp DZvtLmjambncp¶nà AXv. ]t£, B {]Jym]\¯nsâ {]XymLmXw am\h Ipes¯
F´p sImv ]cnhÀ¯nXam¡n F¶v Is¯pt¼mgmWv {]hmNI ZuXy¯nsâ s]mcpÄ A\p`h
thZyamIp¶Xv.
Ncn{XImc\mb
JmenJv Al½Zv \nkman Nqn¡m«nbXv t]mse temI KXnhnKXnIsf CXpt]mse kzm[o\n¨
asddmcp hN\w a\pjyÀ CXphsc {ihn¨n«nÃ.
(Religion and politics in 13rd , 14th
century).
At¶hsc `qapJ¯p \ne\n¶ cmjv{Sob þ kmapZmbnI LS\Isf Iogvta adn¡m³ am{Xw
DuÀPvP ZmbIambncp¶p {]hmNI³ DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ GI ssZh¯neq¶nb XuloZnsâ B hN\w.
ChnsS Bcm[n¡s¸tSXv AÃmlp am{XamWv F¶ ZrVkzcw {]]©¯nsâ ISnªm¬
ssIbnte´m³ {ian¡p¶ kIe iànItfmSpapÅ shÃphnfnbmbncp¶p. ssZhw am{XamWv
Bcm[y³ F¶ Bib¯nsâ BXy´nI ktµiw a\pjyÀ ka·mcmsW¶pw BÀ¡pw Bscbpw
Iogvs¸Sp¯m³ ChnsS ]gpXnà F¶pamWv. 18þmw \qddmn {^©v hn¹h¯nsâ (1789)
aqÀ²\yXbn tI« "kaXzw, kzmX{´yw, kmtlmZcyw
(Equality, Liberty, Freternity)
F¶
ap{ZmhmIy¯nsâ ka{K `mjyambncp¶p AXv. a\pjykaXzs¯¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡m³ t]mepw
hyhØnXn A\phZn¡mXncp¶ a[yIme IcmfXIfnemWv a\pjy\nÀ½nXamb kIe D¨\oNXz§fpw
hÀ¤t`Z§fpw X«n¯IÀ¯v \msaÃmw AÃmlphnsâ ASna F¶ Iogvs¸Sensâ Blzm\w {]hmNIÀ
{]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xv. Bcm[\IfneqsS, PohnX¯neqsS AXnsâ {]mtbmKnI cq]w ImWn¨p
sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hÀ® hÀ¤ `mj tZi `n¶XIÄ X«namddn a\pjyXz¯nsâ
DZm¯`mh§Ä Ime¯nsâ cwKthZnIfn A\mhrXambt¸mÄ AXphsc NqjW§Ä¡pw ]oU\§Ä¡pw
AhaXnIÄ¡pw hnt[bamb P\XIÄ Hs¶m¶mbn Ckvemansâ IpS¡ogn AWn\nc¡m³
AlalanIbm apt¶m«v h¶p. AXphsc It¯men¡m NÀ¨nsâ aX{`m´n\pw Im]Sy§Ä¡pw
sImSnb ]oU\§Ä¡pw CcIfmbn {InkvXy³ hnizmknIÄ hoÀ¸pap«pIbmbncp¶p. tdmam
km{amPy¯nsâ HutZymKnI aXw F¶ \nebn {]PIfpsS ta bmYmkvXnIhpw AÔhnizmk
PUnehpamb BNmcm\p jvTm\§Ä sImv ]ptcmlnX hÀ¤w {Iqin¡pIbmbncp¶p. t]m¸pw
]utcmlnXyhpw km·mÀ¤nIambn Zpjn¨Xnsâ `hnjy¯v sI«ntb¸n¡s¸«Xv
hnizmknIfpsS taemWv. Aca\IÄ B`mk§Ä sImv PoÀ®n¨Xv am{Xambncp¶nÃ
{]iv\w; hnIeam¡s¸« thZ{KÙw adbm¡n tkzOm[n]XnIfpw A{IaImcnIfpamb `cWIqS§fpsS
]nWnbmfpIfmbn aXm[nImcnIÄ A[x]Xn¨p.
ss{IkvXhtcmSpÅ amÕcy¯n blqZ ]ptcmlnXcpw bmYmØnXnIXz¯nsâ Dcp¡p tIm«IÄ
]WnXp. Aánbmcm[Icmb skmdmÌy³ hn`mKamhs« ISp¯ AklnjvWpXtbmsS Xo \mf§fmÂ
bpàn Nn´sb Icn¨p Ifªp. k¦Â] ssZh§Ä X½n Iem]w Iq«nb Ncn{X¯nse Gddhpw
k¦oÀ®amb Bßob {]XnkÔnbpsS Iqcncp«nte¡mWv XuloZnsâ ssI hnf¡pambn apl½Zv
apkvX^ (kz) IS¶p sNÃp¶X.v At¸mgpw Xsâ ap³KmanIfmb {]hmNI·mcpsS
[Àt½m]tZi§sfbpw IÀ½ hoYnsbbpw {]hmNI³ XÅn¸dªnÃ. F¶Ã, B ]mX AwKoIcn¡m\pw
ap³t] Ncn¨ ]pWymf·msc BZcn¡m\pw IÂ]n¨p. ssZh \ntbmKnX thZ {KÙ§sf
AwKoIcn¨p sImp Xs¶ AXv hnIrXam¡s¸«Xnsâ IY hnhcn¨p sImSp¯p. Nn´sb
t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. \nco£Ws¯ kXymt\z jW¯nsâ imkv{Xob D]m[nbm¡m³ BÚm]n¨p. Úmt\mZb¯neqsS
{]]©¯nsâ \nKqV clky§fnte¡pw a\pjy krjvSn¸nsâ \nKqVXIfnte¡pw [njWsb
hyhlcn¡m³ ]Tn¸n¨p. AXn\p t{]mÕml\w \ÂIn. {]]©s¯ Ah\nte¡Sp¸n¨p. {]]©
clky§fnte¡pÅ InfnhmXn aeÀs¡ Xpd¶p sh¨p. {Ko¡p XXzNn´IÄ AXphsc XpSÀ¶p
h¶ \nKa\m[njvTnXamb KthjW ioe¯nsâ Aimkv{XobX s]mfn¨p Im«n. \nco£W¯nsâ
ITn\ km[\bneqsS hkvXp \njvTambn A]{KYn¨v kXyw Is¯p¶ coXnsb imkv{X
temI¯n\p Ckvemw k½m\n¨p. B¡anbpw BÄPn{_bpw tKmf imkv{Xhpw ap¶q \qämp
sImv hfÀ¶p hnIkn¡p¶Xv A\ptbmPyamb Cu ImemhØbnemWv.
an¶Â ]nWÀt]mse
Imew
ssZhZqXs\ Im¯ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p F¶Xnsâ sXfnhmWv s\mSnbnSsImv At±lw ssIhcn¨
t\«§Ä. an¶Â ]nWÀ t]msebmWv XuloZnsâ {]Imiw AjvS Zn¡pIfnte¡pw hym]n¨Xv.
F.Un. 610 emWv {]hmNIÀ {]t_m[\w XpS§p¶sX¶v ]dªphtÃm. IrXyw Hcp \qämv
sImv 710 BIpt¼mtg¡pw Ckvemw A¶dnbs¸« temIs¯ apgph³ (Atacn¡, Bkvt{Xenb
h³IcIÄ Ip ]nSn¨ncp¶nÃ) AXnsâ kzm[o\ heb¯n sImp h¶p. "lnPvdx' {]Xn\n[m\w
sN¿p¶ XuloZnsâ ]emb\w ]n¶osSmcnS¯pw \n¶n«nÃ. AddvemânIv apXÂ HmIvkkv \Znhsc,
kvs]bn³ apXÂ knÔp hsc F{X A\mbmkamWv CkvemanI ZÀi\hpw kwkvImchpw ]cs¶mgpInbXv.
BZyw aZo\, ]ns¶ temI \mKcnIXIfpsS addv Ipsd aZo\IÄ' þ UakvIkv, \njm]qÀ,
kaÀ¡µv, _pJmd, ZÂln....... C¶pw XpScp¶ A\´amb bm{X. tdma³, {Ko¡v,
ss_kâbn³ \Kc§Ä No«p sIm«mcw t]mse Ckvemansâ ap¶n hogp¶p. B ImgvN Iv
Ncn{XImc\mb FtUzUv lnº³ tNmZn¡p¶p; ""apl½Znsâ ssIbnse AÂ`pX Bbp[w
F´mbncp¶p?''
tdmam
km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\w hnhcn¡p¶ _rlXv {KÙ kamlmc¯n Hc[ymbw Knº¬
amddnsh¨ncn¡p¶Xv Ckveman\v thnbmWv. {]hmNIsâ hyàn amlmßyw hÀ®n¡m\mWv.
Ckvemw ssIhcn¨ hn¹h t\«§fpsS Kcna FSp¯pIm«m\mWv. {]hmNIsâ kzm[o\s¯¡pdn¨v
Knº¬ XpS§p¶Xn§s\: "The talents of
Muhammad are entitled to an applaure; but his success has, perhaps too
strongly attracted our admiraion (The Declline and Fall of the Roman
Empire Edward Gibban)
Ckvemansâ
BKaw PoÀ®Xbn \naKv\amb tdma³ \mKcnIXbpsS ISbv¡v I¯nsh¨p sh¶v At±lw ]tcm£ambn
k½Xn¡p¶p. km{amPy¯nsâ cmas¯ Gddhpw henb \Kcamb AeIvkmvdnb cmw Jeo^
Dadnsâ (d) Ime¯v IogS§nbt¸mÄ B{^n¡bnte¡pw B´eqknbbnte¡papÅ IhmSamWv
Xpd¡s¸Sp¶sX¶v Bcpw \n\¨n«pmhnÃ.
A[xØnXsâ DWÀ¯p]m«v
`cWhpw
t]mcm«hpambncp¶p ]gb temI¯v BVyIpe¯nsâ AwKoIrX sXmgnÂ. Irjnbpw I¨hShpw
Iogmf\v \o¡nsh¨ taJebmbncp¶p. tdmanepw C´ybnepw AhØ `n¶ambncp¶nÃ.
A`nPmX Ipe¯n\p thn A[xØnXÀ Pohn¡p¶p F¶ hgn]ng¨ ImgvN¸mSnt·embncp¶p
kmaqlnI hyhØ Xs¶ sI«n¸Sp¯Xv. a\pjysc hnhn[ t{iWnIfn ]nSn¨psI«n, tamN\¯nsâ
]gpXpIÄ AS¡m³ Hmtcm {]tZi¯pw enJnXhpw AenJnXhpamb \nbakwlnXIfpmbncp¶p.
]utcmlnXyhpw `cW hÀ¤hpw BVy³amcpw tNÀ¶ Cu Iq«psI«mWv a\pjys\ F¡mehpw
NqjW§Ä¡v Ccbm¡nbXv.
{]hmNI\v
A\oXnbpsS Cu Icn¦Â tIm« \njv{]bmkw XIÀ¡m\mbXv JpÀBsâ a\pjyXz¯neq¶nb
PohnX hnImk§sf Bbp[am¡nbmWv. sXmgnen\v alXzw IÂ]n¨p. Irjn Bcm[\bmbn
DbÀ¯n¡m«n. A[zm\¯nsâ aqeyw A\ÀLamsW¶v hn[n¨p. sXmgnemfnbpsS BhImi§Ä {]Jym]n¨p.
Ahsâ hnbÀ¸v Bdp¶Xn¶v ap¼v {]Xn^ew \ÂIWsa¶v A\pimkn¨p. Cu "hn¹h' ]ptcmKa\
Bib§fpsS A\´c^ew s]mSp¶s\ temI km¼¯nI sXmgn taJebn Zriyambn. F§pw
Irjn t{]mÕmln¸n¡s¸«p. A´mcmjv{S hmWnPyw ]Xn·S§v hÀ²n¨p. sh\oknse
I¨hS¡mcsâ AanX emt`ÑbpsS Øm\¯v kvt\lhpw kulrZhpw ssIamdp¶ ]pXnb I¨hS
kwkvImcw \nehn h¶p. ssN\ apX bqtdm¸v hsc Icbpw ISepw hgnbpÅ hym]mcw
Ad_nIfpsS hcpXnbnembn. ]pXnb ]pXnb XpdapJ§Ä Xpd¡s¸«p. IS sImÅ¡msc `bs¸tSXnÃm¯
AhØ h¶p.
bp²¯nsâ \mfpIÄ¡v
hnS \ÂIn. temI {Ia¯n {]ISamb, ImXemb amddw. {Ko¡vþtdma³ km{amPy§fpsS
ss\kÀ¤oI `mhw IS¶p Ibdd¯nsâXpw ]nSns¨Sp¡ensâXpambncp¶p. AeIvkmÀ alm\mbXv
PohnX aqey§sf DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨mbncp¶nÃ. \njvTqcamb ssk\nI ]cm{Iaw {]ZÀin¸n¨mbncp¶p.
{]hmNI³ bp² \nbaw sImp h¶p. {]Xntcm[¯nembncp¶p AXnsâ Du¶Â.
knhneb·mscbpw \nc]cm[nIsfbpw P´p Pme§sfbpw {]IrXnsbbpw t\mhn¡msX bp²w
]qÀ¯oIcn¡Wsa¶v ]Tn¸n¨p. Pohlm\n ]camh[n Ipd¨p sImpÅ Hcp bp²apd
ioen¸n¨p. AXpsImp Xs¶ apkvenw ssk\nIsc hntamNIcmbn P\w Ip. Imcyamb
sNdp¯p \nÂ]nÃmsXbmWv cmPy§fpw P\]Z§fpw Hmtcmt¶mcm¶mbn CkvemanI
dn¸_vfn¡nsâ `mKambXv. apl½Zv_v\p Jmknw F.Un. 710 Â C§v knÔnse¯nbt¸mÄ
At±ls¯ kzoIcn¨Xv {_mlvaW cmPmhn\p Iogn izmkw ap«n InS¡p¶ _p² ssP\
aX¡mcmbncp¶p. saks¸mt«anbbnepw t]Àjybnepw P\§Ä `cW IqS `oIcXbn \n¶v
c£s¸Sm³ tamN\ amÀ¤w Im¯ncn¡pt¼mgmWv Ckvemw ]p¯³ {]Xo£IÄ \ÂIn IS¶p
h¶Xv. ss_kâbn cmPm¡·mÀ AanX \nIpXn GÀs¸Sp¯n I¨hS¡mscbpw Irjn¡mscbpw
s]mdpXnap«n¨ A]cnjvIrX ImeL«¯nemWv temI hym]mc¯nsâ A\nb{´nX ]mX Xpd¶psh¨v
apkvenw hyhØnXnbnte¡v Ahcpw tNÀ¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
{]hmNI³
km£mXvIcn¨ BZÀi hn¹h¯nsâ hym]vXn {Kln¡Wsa¦n ]gb \mKcnIXbn kv{XoP\w
A\p`hn¨ ZpcnX§fpw AhImi \ntj[§fpw F{X ItTmcamsW¶v At\zjn¡Ww. {Ko¡v þ
tdma³ t]Àjy³ kwkvImc§fnseÃmw kv{Xo¡v Hcp Xc¯nepÅ AhImi§fpw hIsh¨p
sImSp¯ncp¶nÃ. N´bnse ]eamXncn Nc¡pIIfn Hcn\w am{Xambncp¶p Cu ZpÀºe
hn`mKw. kz¯hImis¯¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡m³ t]mepw AhÀ¡v sIÂ]nÃmbncp¶p. hnhml tamN\¯n\v
]gpXpmbncp¶nÃ. AhfpsS Nmcn{Xyw kq£n¡m³ {Ko¡pImÀ Ip ]nSn¨ amÀ¤w ]q«m\pw
Xpd¡m\pw kwhn[m\apÅ Hcp s_Âddmbncp¶p. AhfpsS KplyØm\¯n\p t]mepw AhÄ¡v
AhImianÃm¯ AhØ. apl½Zv \_n FÃm N§e¡pSp¡n \n¶pw kv{Xo hn`mKs¯
tamNn¸n¨p. A´ÊmÀ¶ AkvXnXzw hmKvZm\w sNbvXv AhcpsS imcocnI kpc£nXXzw `{Zam¡n.
AhfpsS am\m]am\ t_m[s¯ AwKoIcn¨p. IpSpw_¯nsâ s\Spw kvXw`ambn kv{Xo {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸«p.
kz¯pSamhImihpw A\´ncmhImihpw hIsh¨p sImSp¯p. ]Snªmd³ temIw t]mepw
kv{XoIÄ¡v ]uc kzmX{´yw A\phZn¡m³ X¿mdmbXv ASp¯ Ime¯mWv. 1870 emWv
{_n«\nse kv{XoIÄ¡v kz¯hImiw e`n¡p¶Xv. thm«hImiw e`n¨tXm, {_n«\n 1918
epw Atacn¡bn 1928 epw {^m³kn 1944 epw kznddvkÀemn 1971 epw. 1960
IÄ hsc Idp¯ hÀ¤¡mc\v shÅ¡mcnsb hnhmlw Ign¡m³ bp.Fkv \nbaw A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ.
C¶pw {]kàw
{]hmNI³
A¶v hn`mh\ sNbvX temI{Ia¯nsâ C¶s¯ {]kànbnte¡mWv Cu At\zjWw hnc Nqp¶Xv.
1400 hÀjw ap¼v `qapJ¯v \ne\n¶ cmjv{Sob kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI AhØsb¡mÄ ]Xn·S§v
PoÀ®nXamWv C¶s¯ temIw. \oXn tNmÀ¯s¸« Hcp temI{Ia¯nsâ hµyXbn a\pjycmin
ISp¯ {][nkÔn t\cnSp¶p. A¶v tdmam km{amPyamsW¦n C¶v Atacn¡³ km{amPyw.
Htc Xqh ]£nIsft¸mse bqtdm¸pw C{kmtbepw. am\h i{Xp¡Ä ]Snªmtdm«p amdn
F¶ hyXymkw am{Xw. CXv A\nhmcyam¡p¶Xv A¶v Ccp«p hIªp amddnb shfn¨¯nsâ
Xncn¨phchmWv. Asæn XuloZv \izcamsW¶ kXy\ntj[nIfpsS hmZw
icnsh¡s¸SpIbntÃ?
|