F´n\pw GXn\pw Ckvemans\bpw
AXnsâ {]hmNIscbpw hnaÀin¡mdpÅ PqX kbWnÌv tem_nIÄ hÃmsX IS¶p ]nSn¨ Hcp
hnjbamWv Xncp\_nbpsS _lp`mcyXzw. apkvenwIÄ¡v \mephsc `mcyamsc am{Xw A\phZn¡pIbpw
{]hmNI³ ]{´WvSp `mcyamsc hcn¡pIbpw sNbvX "hntcm[m`mk's¯¡pdn¨mWv ChÀ ]cmXns¸Sp¶Xv.
Ckveman PmXnbpsWvS¶v IWvSp]nSn¨ Ic§Ä Xs¶bmWv CXnsâ ]n¶nepw. {]hmNIsâ
`mcym{hXs¯¡pdn¨v sNdnb tXmXn \ap¡nhnsS hnebncp¯mw.
dkqensâ
BZy hnhmlw Ccp]¯©mw hbÊnemWv \S¶Xv. `mcy JZoPm_ohn¡v dkqent\¡mÄ ]Xn\©p
hbÊv IqSpX {]mbapWvSmbncp¶p. \m¸XpImcnbmb _ohn Øes¯ _nkn\ÊpImcnbmWv.
dkqensâ kXykÔXbpw hyàn{]`mhhpw a\Ênem¡nb _ohn dkqens\ BZyw Xsâ amt\Pdm¡n.
_nkn\Êv ]ptcmKXns¸«tXmsS dkqens\ IqSn ]¦mfnbm¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p. A§s\
hnhmlhpw \S¶p. dkqensâ C{_mlnw F¶ ]p{Xs\mgnsI FÃm a¡fpw
JZoPm_ohnbnemWv ]nd¶Xv. Ad_nIfn _lp`mcyXzw hym]Iambncp¶n«pw JZoPm_ohn
acn¡pw hsc dkq thsd hnhmlw sNbvXnÃ. dkqen\v A¼Xv hbÊpÅt¸mgmWv _ohn
acn¨Xv. XnI¨pw kwXr]vXambncp¶p B Zm¼Xyw. dkqensâ ZpxJ¯nepw kt´mj¯nepw
_ohn ]qÀ®ambpw ]¦psImWvSp. {]XnkÔn L«§fn km´z\acpfn. _ohn Adp]¯©mw
hbÊn acn¡pw hsc {]hmNIsâ kÀÆ {]iv\§fnepw XpWbmbncp¶p. BZyw dkqensâ
ktµiw kzoIcn¨v apkvenamb h\nXbpw JZoPm_ohn Xs¶. _ohnbpsS hntbmKw
dkqens\ hÃmsX hymIpes¸Sp¯n.
cWvSmw`mcy kuZm_ohn hn[hbmb
Hcp hr²h\nXbmWv. BZyw {]hmNIsâ A\pNcsâ `mcybmbncp¶ ChÀ `À¯mhnt\msSm¸w
A_nko\bnte¡v ]emb\w sNbv Xncp¶p. aS¡bm{Xbn `À¯mhv acn¨Xn\m AhÀ
GIbmbn. AhÀ¡v kwc£Ww \ÂIm³ A\pNc·mtcmSv ]dªp. Hcp Znhkw \_nk¶n[nbnÂ
h¶v Xs¶ thÄ¡Wsa¶v AhÀ I®otcmsS ]dªp. ImcpWyhm\mb \_n B htbm[nIsb Xsâ
]Xv\nbm¡n.
aq¶mw `mcy BCim_ohn A_q_IvÀ
kzn±oJnsâ aIfmWv. dkqepambn ASp¯ _Ôw Øm]n¡m³ sImXn¨ kzn±oJmWv _menIbmb
aIsf dkqepambn hnhmlw sN¿n¡m³ sImXn¨Xv. `mcybmb BCim_ohn Xsâ
Ifn¸m«§fpambmWv dkqens\ kzoIcn¨Xv. hnhmlw Ignªn«pw Iptd Imew ]nXmhnsâ
ho«n Xs¶bmWv _ohn Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv. JZoPm_ohn¡p tijw dkqen\v XpWbmbXv
BCim_ohnbmWv. Ckveman\v Gsd kw`mh\IÄ AÀ¸n¡m³ BCim_ohn¡v km[n¨p. _ohnbpsS
apdnbn h¨v ]et¸mgpw dkqen\v shfn]mSpWvSmbn«pWvSv. dkqensâ acWtijw
ap¸Xv hÀjt¯mfw BCim_ohn Pohn¨p.
_ZvÀ
bp²¯n càkm£nbmb Jpss\knsâ hn[h l^vk _ohnbmWv \memw `mcy. Cu h\nXsb
lnPvd aq¶mw hÀj¯nemWv ({In. 624) \_n hnhmlw sNbvXXv. lnPvd aq¶mw
hÀj¯n Xs¶ asämcp hn[hsbIqSn hnhmlw sNbvXp. DlvZv bp²¯n càkm£nbmb
A_vZpÃmln_v\p Plvinsâ `mcy D½pÂakmIo³ ssk\_sb. HuZmcy¯nsâ \ndIpSambncp¶p
Cu h\nXmcXv\w.
{]hmNIsâ ]nXrktlmZcn
Dssa_bpsS ]p{Xn ssk\_ BWv A©mw `mcy. Xsâ Z¯p]p{X³ sskZv d) ns\s¡mWvSv
ssk\_sb hnhmlw sN¿n¡m\mWv {]hmNI³ Dt±in¨Xv. F¶m ssk\_pw IpSpw_hpw AXn\p
k½Xn¨nÃ. hc³ dkq Xs¶bmIWsa¶v AhÀ iTn¨p. sskZp Xs¶bmIWw `À¯mhv F¶v
dkqepw Xocpam\n¨p. dkqensâ Bhiy¯n\p hg§n sskZpw ssk\_pw X½nepÅ hnhmlw
\S¶p. ]t£, {]iv\§Ä Xes]m¡n. A§s\ hnhmlw thÀs¸Spt¯WvSn h¶p. HSphnÂ
IpSpw_¯nsâ \nÀ_Ô¯n\p hg§n Xs¶bmWv ssk\_ns\ dkq hnhmlw sNbvXXv. hnhmlw
Ignªv A[nI\mÄ Ignbpw ap¼v ssk\_v acn¨p.
asämcp `mcybmb D½pkea \mep
Ip«nIfpÅ Hcp hn[hbmbncp¶p. Xsâ A\pNc\mb `À¯mhv Ckveman\p thWvSn acWw
hcn¨t¸mÄ D½pkeasb hnhmlw sNbvXv B IpSpw_¯nsâ apgph³ kwc£Whpw dkq Xs¶
GsäSp¯p. \_nbpsS acWtijw Gsd¡mew D½pkeam_ohn Pohn¨p.
{In. 626 \S¶ _\q apkvXenJv
bp²¯n i{Xp¡fn Iptdt¸sc XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨ncp¶p. AXn tKm{X¯eh\mb
lmcnkpw aIÄ Ppsshcn¿bpapWvSmbncp¶p. Ppsshcn¿bpsS `À¯mhv acWs¸«ncp¶p.
Xsâ hn[hbmb aIsf hnhmlw sN¿sa¶v lmcnkv dkqent\mS`yÀYn¨p. B hnhmls¯
XpSÀ¶v tKm{X¡mscm¶S¦w PbnÂtamNnXcmbn Ckvemw BtÇjn¨p.
A_qkp^vbmsâ ]p{Xnbmb
D½pl_o_tbbpw dkq hnhmlw sNbvXp. A_qkp^vbm³ BZyIme¯v dkqensâ
_²sshcnbmbncps¶¦nepw aIfpw `À¯mhpw apkvenwIfmbncp¶p. `À¯mhv dkqensâ A\pbmbn
Bbncp¶p. A_vko\nbbnte¡pÅ ]emb\thfbn At±lw IrkvXpaXw kzoIcn¨p. Xmakw
hn\m `À¯mhv acn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CtX XpSÀ¶v {In. 628 D½pl_o_sb dkqÂ
hnhmlw sNbvXp. ssJ_À bp²¯n acWs¸« Hcp blqZnbpsS ]p{Xnbmb kz^n¿tbbpw
dkq hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu hnhmlt¯msS B blqZnbpsS tKm{X¡mcn hensbmcp
hn`mKw Ckveman h¶p.
CuPn]vXnse apJuJnkv cmPmhv ]mcntXmjnIambn
amcnb¯p Jn_vXzn¿ Fs¶mcp {InkvXy³ ASnas¸®ns\ dkqen\v Ab¨p sImSp¯ncp¶p.
Cu h\nXbnemWv C{_mlnw F¶ Ip«n P\n¨Xv. hn[hbmb ssaaq\m_ohntbbpw \_n (kz)
`mcybmbn kzoIcn¨ncp¶p. JZoPm_ohnbpw ssk\_ _ohnbpw HgnsI _m¡n H¼Xv `mcyamcpw
dkqensâ acWtijhpw Pohn¨p.
dkqensâ
hnhml PohnXs¯ ]cnlkn¡p¶hÀ bmYmÀYy§Ä¡p t\sc I®S¡pIbmWv. aZyhpw bp²hpw
s]®pw ZuÀºeyambn IWvS Ad_nIfn \n¶v XnI¨pw hyXykvXamWv dkqensâ PohnXsa¶v
]IÂ shfn¨w t]mse kv]jvSw. AhnS¶v bp²s¡mXnb\mbn«nÃ. aZyw sXm«pXoWvSnbnÃ.
kv{XoIfpsS ]n¶mse t]mbnÃ. Ccp]¯©p hbÊn hnhmlw sN¿p¶Xn\p ap¼pw hnip²n
Ifªn«nÃ. dkqensâ PohnX¯nsâ Hmtcm Ne\hpw tcJs¸Sp¯s¸«n«pWvSv. JZoPm_ohn
acn¡pw hsc asämcp hnhmlhpw sNbvXn«nsöpw hyàw. AXn\ÀYw A¼Xmw
hbÊphscbpÅ Xsâ PohnXIme¯v, AYhm buÆ\w apän\n¶ Ime¯v, Ad_nIÄ apgph³
A[ahnImc§fn BdmSnb Ime¯pw \_n (kz) sb A¯cw sshIrX§Ä kzm[o\n¨ncp¶nsöv
Adnbs¸Sp¶ tcJIsfms¡ ]dbp¶p. A¼Xmw hbÊn\p tijw IqSpXÂ `mcyamsc
kzoIcn¨Xv ImashdnsImWvSsöXpw kn²w.
kv{XoIsf hmKvZm\w
sNbvXpsImWvSmWv Atd_y³ _qÀjzIÄ ]et¸mgpw Imcy§Ä t\Snbncp¶Xv. dkq Xsâ
ktµihpambn h¶t¸mgpw AhÀ X§sf kzm[o\n¡m\mbn CjvSapÅ s]®ns\
sdUnbm¡n¯cmsa¶p ]dªp. ]t£, AhnS¶v B hmKvZm\w ]pÃpt]mse hens¨dnbpIbmWv
sNbvXXv. ssewKnImkzmZ\¯nsâ Imcy¯n Atd_ybn Hcp hne¡pw \_n (kz) ¡v
DWvSmbn«nÃ. F¶n«pw hnip² PohnXamWv \bn¨Xv. _lp`mcyXzw Ckvemw A\phZn¨n«pw
A¼Xv hbÊphsc GI]Xv\o{hX\mbmWv dkq IgnªXv. AXpw Xt¶¡mÄ ]Xn\©p hbÊp
IqSpXepÅ hn[hbmb JZoPm_ohntbmsSm¸w. ]qÀÆoI {]hmNIÀ¡pw H¶ne[nIw `mcyamcpWvSmbncp¶p.
kpsseam³ \_n¡v \nch[n `mcyamcpWvSmbncp¶tÃm. Cukm\_n¡v `mcyamtc
DWvSmbncp¶nÃ. BZyta IqSpXÂ `mcyamsc kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\v Hcp XSÊhpw dkqen\pWvSmbn«nÃ.
hn[hIsf hnhmlw sN¿p¶ ]Xnhv A¶v Atd_ybnenÃ. Cu \nbaw amän hn[hIfpsS kwc£Ww
GsäSp¡pIbmWv dkq sNbvXXv. hn[hIsf kzbw thÄ¡pIbpw aäpÅhsc AXn\p
t{]cn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
ssk\_pambpÅ hnhmlw Gsd {]iv\§fpWvSm¡nbncp¶p.
Xsâ kzX{´\m¡s¸« ASnabmb sskZn\v kz´w a¨p\sb hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡m\mbncp¶p
Xocpam\w. CXn\v Ipealna XSÊw \n¶n«pw sskZn\v ssk\_ns\ hnhmlw sNbvXp
sImSp¡m³ dkq A½mbnsb \nÀ_Ôn¡pIbmbncp¶p. AÃmsX ssk\_sb dkq tamln¨ncp¶psh¶
sI«pIYIÄ¡v HcSnØm\hpanÃ. ]À±bnÃm¯ kab¯v dkq ssk\_ns\ IsWvS¶pw A§s\
ssk\_ns\ hnhmlw sN¿m³ tamlns¨¶pw sskZns\s¡mWvSv hnhmltamN\w \S¯ns¨¶pw
DÅ IYIÄ i{Xp¡Ä sa\ªncp¶p. kXy¯n sNdp¸w apXte Xsâ a¨p\bmb ssk\_ns\
dkq ImWp¶pWvSv. dkqens\s¡mWvSv hnhmlw sN¿n¡m³ A½mbn ]eXhW {ian¨XmWv.
F¶n«pw Z¯p]p{X\v hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp¡Wsa¶v dkq iTn¡pIbmbncp¶p. _Ôw
hjfmbn hnhmltamN\w t\Snb tijhpw sskZS¡w FÃmhcpw Bhiys¸«XpsImWvSmWv ssk\_sb
dkq hcn¨Xv.
`mcysb shdpw t`mKhkvXphmbn
IW¡m¡pIbpw ASnaIsft¸mse AhtcmSv s]cpamdpIbpw sNbvXncp¶ kµÀ`¯nemWv `mcy
(`cn¡s¸tSWvShÄ) sb "CW' (kuP¯v) bm¡ns¡mWvSv Zm¼XyPohnX¯ns\ {]hmNI³
imZzeam¡nbXv. `cn¡s¸tSWvShfà `mcysb¶v {]Jym]n¡pIbpw `mcytbmSv Gähpw \¶mbn
hÀ¯n¡p¶h\mWv D¯as\¶pw dkq t_m[ys¸Sp¯n. FÃm `mcyamtcmSpw Xpey\oXn ]peÀ¯n
AhÀ¡nSbnse AhImi kaXzw kwc£n¡m\pw dkqen\v Ignªp.
`mcysb kwc£n¡p¶ ]Xnhv Atd_y³
kaql¯n `À¯mhn\v DWvSmbncp¶nÃ. kuµcyw BkzZn¡m\pw Ima ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\pw
thWvSn kv{XoIsf AhÀ `mcyamcm¡n. amXmhv F¶ \nebn a¡fn \n¶pÅ kwc£Ww
am{XamWhÀ¡v e`n¨ncp¶Xv. CjvSw t]mse `mcyamsc kzoIcn¡p¶ Ad_nIÄ¡v
kuµcyhpw BkzmZ\hpambncp¶p apJyw. dkq Cu A\nb{´nX thgvN¡v XSbnSpIbpw `mcyamcpsS
kwc£Ww `À¯mhnsâ ta G¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A¶s¯ {]tXyI kmlNcy¯n IqSpX `mcyamsc
dkq thfnIgn¨Xv apJyambpw AhcpsS kwc£Ww ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv. AXmWv hn[hIsf `mcyamcm¡nbXv.
F¶m A\pbmbnIÄ¡v \mev `mcyamsc am{Xta A\phZn¨pÅq. GI]Xv\o{hXw Xs¶ \ÃsX¶pw
AhnS¶v D]tZin¨p. ImcWw Xsâ PohnX¯n JZoPm_ohnbneqsS B amXrI¡mWv
apJyambpw dkq Du¶Â sImSp¯Xv. {]tXyI kmlNcy¯n am{Xta H¶ne[nIw A\phmZapÅqsh¶pw
AhnSs¯ PohnXw ImWn¡p¶p. BZy _Ôw XnI¨pw Zm¼Xy]camb Xm¸cyamWv Dt±in¡p¶Xv.
]n¶oSpÅ _Ô§fn aäp Xm¸cy§fmWv ap¶n \n¶n«pÅXv. Ckvemant\m kv{Xot¡m A\pKpWamIp¶
hÃXpapsWvS¦n H¶ne[nIw `mcyamtcmsSm¸w AhtcmSv \oXn]peÀ¯m³ IgnbpIbpw
thWw. dkqensâ hnhml§Ä \ÂIp¶ ]mThpw AXmWv.
aZo\m ImeL«¯n apkvenwIfpsS
kpc£¡mbn \nch[n bp²§Ä sNt¿WvSn h¶Xn\m ]pcpj·mÀ Gsd càkm£nIfmbn. A§s\
Xsâ Gähpw {]nbs¸« Nne A\pNccpsS `mcyamÀ hn[hIfmbt¸mÄ Ahsc IeymWw
sNbvXp sImWvSv dkq kwc£Ww \ÂIn. Nne h\nXIsf hnhmlw sN¿pI hgn Ckveman\v
{ZpXKXnbn hfÀ¨bpWvSmbn. DZmlcW¯n\v PpsshcnbbpambpÅ hnhmlw _\qapkvXenJpambn
hoWvSpw Hcp bp²apWvSmIp¶Xn\v Cu hnhmlw aqew XSbnSm³ Ignªp.
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