t¢mWnwKv t]msebpÅ \qX\ {]iv\§Ä
cwK¯phcpt¼mgmWv CkvemanI ^nJvlv {KÙ§fpsS {]kànbpw hym]vXnbpw ka{KXbpw
ImenIXbpw IqSpXÂ a\Ênem¡m³ kaql¯n\v Ahkcw e`n¡p¶Xv. A\mhiyImcy§sf¡pdn¨p
NÀÆnX NÀÆWw \S¯n kabw Ifbp¶psh¶v ^nJvlv {KÙ§sf¡pdn¨p Nne tamtUWnÌpIÄ
Btcm]n¡phm³ ImcWamb Nne \nba hniIe\§fn s]«XmWv Chsbt¶mÀ¡p t¼mgmWp
\½psS ^nJvlnsâ ]pXpa IqSpXÂ sXfnªp hcp¶Xv.
Hcp Ip«n amXmhntet¡m ]nXmhntet¡m
_Ôw tNÀ¡s¸Sp¶Xn\p Nne D]m[nIfpv. {]kvXpX D]m[nIÄ kt½fn¡pt¼mÄ am{XamWv
Ahsc Ahsâ amXm]nXm¡fmbn ]cnKWn¡pI. Hcp iniphpambn Hcp kv{Xo¡p amXr_Ôw
Øm]nXamhWsa¦n AYhm AXnsâ amXmhmbn Ahsf ]cnKWn¡Wsa¦nÂ, cp \n_Ô\IfmWpÅXv.
H¶v, AXv AhfpsS icoc`mKw (tImiw) BhpI. cv, AXp ]qÀ® a\pjy\mbn AhfnÂ
\n¶p ]pd¯p hcnI. Cu cp \n_Ô\IÄ H¯p tNÀ¶m iniphnsâ amXmhv AhÄ Xs¶.
AXpsImmWp hy`nNmc¯n AhÄ¡p P\n¡p¶ iniphn\p, hy`nNmcn ]nXmhmInsænepw,
AhÄ amXmhmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. ImcWw, kv{XobpsS Hcp `mKamWv AhfpsS
ssewKnI tImiamb AÞw. AÞw _oPhpambn kwKan¨mWtÃm {`qWw DmIp¶Xv. Cu {`qWamWtÃm
]cnWma ZiIÄ ]n¶n«p, ]n¶oSp iniphmbn AhfpsS KÀ`mib¯n \n¶p ]pd¯phcp¶Xv.
kv{XobpsS AÞw t]mseXs¶ ]pcpj
_oPhpw {`qW¯n Hcp `mKambn hÀ¯n¡p¶ps¦nepw AXp a\pjycq]w ]qp ]pd¯p
hcp¶Xp kv{Xobn \n¶p am{XamWv. AXpsImv ip¢¯n\p hy`nNmc cq]¯n ]hn{XXbnsænepw
amXrXzw Øm]nXamIp¶p; ]nXrXzw Øm]nXamIp¶nÃ. Xplv^x 7:299þÂ \n¶v CXp {Kln¡mw.
Hcp ]pcpjsâ _oP¯n \n¶p P\n¨
inip AhtâXmbn ]cnKWn¡Wsa¦n AYhm B iniphnsâ ]nXmhmbn Ah³ ]cnKWn¡s¸SWsa¦nÂ
_oPkvJe\w \nbam\pkrXambncn¡Ww. X\n¡p kwt`mKw A\phZ\obamb Hcp
kv{Xosbtbm Asæn Ahsf¶p sXän²cn¨p aäp hà kv{Xosbtbm kwt`mKw \S¯pI
aptJ\ P\n¡p¶ Ip«nbpsS ]nXrXzw Ah\pmbncn¡pw. \nbam\pkrXaÃm¯
kwt`mK¯neqsS þhy`nNmc¯neqsSþ P\n¡p¶ iniphn\p amXmhpmIpsa¦nepw ]nXmhpmbncn¡nÃ.
CXymZn hnjb§fnseÃmw
kwt`mK¯nsâ Øm\w Xs¶bmWv _oPw Ibäp¶Xn\pw IÀaimkv{Xw \ÂInbn«pÅXv. ]t£,
kwt`mKhpw _oPw {]thin¸n¡epw X½n Hcp A´capv. _oPw ]pcpj\nÂ
\ns¶Sp¡pt¼mgpw kv{Xobn {]thin¸n¡pt¼mgpw \n bam\pkrXambncn¡Ww. \nbaewL\¯neqsS
]hn{XX \ãs¸« coXnbn A sXSp¡pItbm IbäpItbm sNbvXm ]nXrXzw
Øm]nXamhpIbnÃ. amXrXzw Øm]nXamhm³ ap³ D]m[nIÄ am{Xw aXn. Cu \n_Ô\bmhiyanÃ.
CXp Xplv^x (7:302) bpsS {]kvXmh\bn \n¶p hyàambn a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv.
kwt`mK¯n _oPw ]pds¸Spt¼mÄ
am{Xw \nbam\pkrXambm aXn; kv{Xobnte¡p {]thin¡pt¼mÄ ]hn{XX
Dmbns¡mÅWsa¶nÃ. DZmlcW¯n\p HcmÄ Xsâ `mcybmsW¶p [cn¨p Hc\ykv{Xosb
kwt`mKn¨p. AhfmIs« A\y]pcpj\msW ¶dnªpsImv Ah\p hg§n. Cu t`mKw ]pcpjs\
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw IpäaäXpw kv{Xo¡p hy`nNmchpamWv. AXpsImp, _oP¯nsâ ]pd¸mSp
]hn{Xsa¦nepw {]thiw Ahnip²amWv. ]t£, {]thi kabs¯ Ahnip²n ChnsS ]cnKW\obaÃ.
ImcWw ]pd¸mSpw {]thihpwþ hnip²nbpw Ahnip²nbpwþ Htc kabw ]ckv]cw
Gäpap«pt¼mÄ ]pd¸mSn\pw AXnsâ hnip²n ¡pamWp ]cnKW\. AXpsImp ]pcpj\p ]nXrXzw
e`n¡p¶p. F¶m _oPw ]pcpj\n \ns¶Sp¯p kv{Xobn {]thin¸n¡p¶psh¦nÂ
FSp¡pt¼mgpw sh¡pt¼mgpw chkc¯nepw \nba hnip²n thWw; kwt`mK¯nse¶ t]mse
]pd¸mSp kab¯p Xs¶ ChnsS {]thihpw \S¡p¶nÃ. AXpsImv Ah cpw cmbnXs¶
KWnt¡XmWv. CXmWp ^nJvlnse {]_eamb A`n{]mbw. C_v\p lPÀ (d) C¡mcyw Xplv^x
(7:303304) bn hyàambn {]kvXmhn¨n«pv.
t¢m¬ iniphnsâ amXm]nXm¡Ä
Npcp¡¯nÂ, ^nJvlnsâ ho£W¯nÂ
Hcp kv{XobpsS AÞ¯n\p ]¦pÅ {`qWs¯ AhÄ KÀ`w [cn¨p {]khn¨m AhÄ AXnsâ
amXmhmIpw. AXp kwt`mKw aptJ\bmhs«; Asæn _oPw IbäpI hgnbmhs«; \nbam\pkrXamhs«,
AÃmXncn¡s«.
C\n ]nXrXz¯nsâ Imcyw ]dbmw. ]pcpj_oPw
]pd¯ph¶Xp \nbam\pkrXamb kwt`mKw hgnbmtWm F¶m _otPmSa Ip«nbpsS ]nXmhmIpw.
A{]Imcw Xs¶ lememb hn[¯n ]pds¯Sp¯ ]pcpj_oPw, lememb amÀ¤¯n Xs¶
kv{XobpsS KÀ`mib¯n {]thin¸n¨m AXn P\n¡p¶ Ipªnsâ ]nXrXzw _otPmSabv¡pmbncn¡pw.
Cu \nba§fpsS shfn¨¯n t¢mWnMv
inipsh¡pdn¨p \ap¡v hniIe\w \S¯mw. \yq¢nbkv \o¡w sNbvX AÞ¯n asämcmfpsS
ssewKntIXc tImi¯nse \yq¢nbkv sh¨mWtÃm ChnsS {`qWw Dm¡p¶Xv. CXv Hcp
kv{XobpsS KÀ`mib¯n \nt£]n¨p t¢mWnMv inipshbpw \nÀ½n¡p¶p. ChnsS
km[yXIÄ ]eXpv. tImi ZmXmhv BtWm s]t®m Bhmw. BWmsW¦n AtÞmSabpsS `À¯mthm
A\yt\m BImw. {`qWw \nt£]n¡p¶ KÀ`mibw, AtÞmSabptStXm asämcp
kv{XobptStXm BImw.
Hcp kv{XobpsS AÞhpw AhfpsS `À¯mhnsâ
tImihpw tNÀ¯p {`qWw A hfpsS Xs¶ KÀ`mib¯n \nt£]n¡p¶psh¦n AhÄ B
iniphnsâ am Xmhp Xs¶. ImcWw, kv{XobpsS AÞ`mK¯n\p {`qW¯n ]¦pÅXp sIm pw
a\pjycq]w ]q tijw AXns\ AhÄ {]khn¨Xp sImpw amXrXz¯nsâ cv D]m[nIfpw
ChnsS kt½fn¨ncn¡p¶p.
C\n, `À¯mhnsâ ssewKntIXc
tImihpw kv{XobpsS, \yq¢nbkv \o¡w sNbvX AÞhpw tNÀ¯p cq]s¸Sp¯nb {`qWw
asämcp kv{XobpsS KÀ`]m{X¯n \n t£]n¨p t¢m¬ iniphn\p P·w \ÂIp¶psh¦nÂ
AXn\p amXmhnÃ. H¶ma¯hfpw cma¯hfpw amXmhmInÃ. ImcWw, AÞ`mKw H¶ma¯hfptSsX¦nepw
Ahfà Ip«nsb {]khn¨Xv. cma¯hÄ {]khn¨psh¦nepw {`qW¯n AhÄ¡p ]¦mfn¯anÃ.
Hcp kv{XobpsS, \yq¢nbkv \o¡w
sNbvX AÞt¯mSp asämcp kv{XobpsStbm A\y ]pcpjsâtbm icoctImiw tNÀ¯v
AhfpsS (AtÞmSabpsS) KÀ`]m{X¯n Xs¶ \nt£]n¡p¶psh¦n AhÄ Ip«nbpsS amXmhp
Xs¶. ImcWw, AtÞmSa Xs¶bmWtÃm Ip«nsb {]khn¨Xv. Hcp kv{XobpsS AÞsaSp¯v
BtWm s]t®m Bb asämcmfpsS icoc tImiw tNÀ¯p asämcp A\ykv{XobpsS
KÀ`]m{X¯n \nt£]n¡p¶psh¦n t¢m¬ iniphn\p amXmhnÃ. AtÞmSa {]khn¡m¯Xp
sImpw {]khn¨hÄ¡p {`qW¯n ]¦nÃm¯Xp sImpw.
F¶mÂ, Hcp kmlNcy¯nepw t¢m¬ a\pjy\p
]nXmhpmbncn¡nÃ. ImcWw, tImiw FSp¡pt¼mgpw Ibäpt¼mgpw ]hn{XXbps¦nÂ
am{Xta ]nXrXzw Øm ]nXamhpIbpÅqsh¶p t\ct¯ ]dªphtÃm. ]pcpjsâ icoc tImiw
A hsâ icoc¯nsâ Hcp `mKambXp sImp {]XypÂ]mZ\mhiymÀYw AsXSp¡p¶Xp Xs¶
ldmamWv. Hcp a\pjysâ icoc`mKw þAXp sNdpXmIs«, hepXmIs«þ FSp¡Wsa¦n B
icoc¯nsâ A\nhmcyamb Hcmhiy¯n\p thnbmbncn¡Ww. icoc¯nsâ kz´amb Bhiyw
Xs¶ A\nhmcyasæn AsXSp¡Â A\phZ\obaÃ. A{]Imcw Xs¶ asämcmfpsS Bhiy¯n\p
thnbpw kz´w icoc`mKw FSp¡p¶Xp \njn²hpw IpäIchpamWv.
HcmfpsS icoc `mKw
apdns¨Sp¡mhp¶ Bhiy§Ä CkvemanI IÀaimkv{X ho£W¯n cs®amWv. H¶v,
NnInÕmhiymÀYw icoc¯nsâ hà `mKhpw apdn¨p amäpI. apdn¡p¶Xp sImp IqSpXÂ
A]IS km[yXbnsæn am{Xta Cu NnInÕ A\phZn¡s¸SpIbpÅq. BtcmKy kwc£W¯n\mbn
Rc¼p apdn¡pI, Im³kÀ ]nSn¨ Ahbhw apdn¨p amäpI, sshIrXw \o¡m³ apg apdn¨p
\o¡pI apXemb Imcy§Ä Cubn\¯nÂs¸«XmWv. an³lmPv, Xplv^x, apKv\n (an³lmP:v
t]: 177,Xplv^: 9/194,apKv\n:4/200)apXemb ^nJvlv {KÙ§Ä C¡mcyw
hniZoIcn¨n«pv.
cmas¯ Bhiyw, H¶pw `£n¡m³
In«msX hcpt¼mÄ icoc¯nsâ Hcp `mKw apdns¨Sp¯p `£n¡pIbmWv. Bßc£mÀYw C§s\
apdns¨Sp¡Â A\phZ\obamIp¶Xn\p cv D]m[nIfpv. ihw t]mepw `£n¡m³
In«mXncn¡pI. apdns¨Sp¡p¶XnepÅ A]ISmi¦ AXp apdns¨Sp¯p Ign¡mXncn¡p¶XnepÅXnt\¡mÄ
Ipdhmbncn¡pI. ChbmWp cv D]m[nIÄ. C¡mcyw Camw \hhn (d) Xsâ hnizhnJymX
{KÙamb an³lmPn (188) tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv.
CXv A\phZ\obamIp¶Xn\pÅ ImcWw
Xplv^x(9/397) hnhcn¡p¶p: ""]qÀW icocw Ahtijn¸n¡p¶Xn\p thn AÂ]`mKw
apdns¨Sp¡pIbmWv ChnsS sNbvXn«pÅXv. At¸mÄ AXp Im³kÀ _m[n¨ ssI apdn¨p
amäp¶Xn\p XpeyamWv''.
t¢m¬ iniphns\ krãn¡phm³
icoctImiw ]dns¨Sp¡p¶Xv A\phZ\obamb Cu cmhiy§fnepw s]SnÃ. asämcmfpsS
Bß c£¡pthn t]mepw kz´w icoc`mKw apdn¨p sImSp¡m³ ]mSnÃsb¶mWv \nbaw
(an³lmPv: 188). A t¸mÄ, tImiw \nbahncp²ambmWv FSp¯n«pÅXv. AXpsImv
hy`nNmc¯nse _oPsa¶ t]mseXs¶ AXn\p ]hn{XXbnÃ. ]hn{XXbnÃm¯Xp sImpXs¶ ]n
XrXzw Øncs¸SpIbpanÃ. ]pcpjtImi¯n \n¶p t¢m¬ sNbvX iniphnsâ ImcyamWv
C{Xbpw ]dªXv. kv{XobpsS icoc tImi¯n \n¶mWp t¢m¬ sN¿p¶sX¦n ]nXmhnsöp
]dtbXnÃtÃm.
Npcp¡¯nÂ, t¢m¬ a\pjy\p Nne {]tXyI
kmlNcy§fn amXmhpmIpsa¦nepw Hcp kmlNcy¯nepw ]nXmhpmbncn¡nÃ. Cu
X´bnÃm¯ k´m\§fmbncn¡mw temImhkm\s¯ A`napJoIcn¡p¶ ZpãP\w.
t¢m¬ a\pjysâ AhImi§fpw _m[yXIfpw
t¢m¬ a\pjy\p amXmhpmIp¶
kmlNcy¯n Ah\v Ahfn \n¶v A\´cm hImiw e`n¡p¶Xpw AhfpsS ]p{Xo ]p{X·mÀ
Ahsâ ktlmZco ktlmZc·mcm Ip¶XpamWv. ]nXmhnsö t]mse¯s¶ amXmhpw CÃmsX
hcp¶ kmlNcy¯n kaql¯n Ah\p bmsXmcp hn[ IpSpw_ _Ôhpapmbncn¡nÃ.
apeIpSn _Ô¯nepÅ amXm]nXm¡·mcpw ktlmZco ktlmZc·mcpw am{Xta Dmbncn¡p
IbpÅq.
]nXmhnÃm¯ kmlNcy¯nepw amXmhpw
]nXmhpanÃm¯ kmlNcy¯nepw, _p ²nbps¦n Ahs\ aäpÅhsct¸mse a\pjy\mbn ]cnKWn¡p¶XmWv.
am\pjnIamb hn[nhne¡pIÄ Ah\pw _m[Iambncn¡pw. am\pjnIXbv¡p amXm]nXm¡Ä
BhiyanÃ. BZna a\pjycmb BZw, lÆm (A) F¶nhÀ¡v amXm]nXm¡fnÃtÃm.
hntij_p²nbmWp am\pjnI _m[yXIÄ _m[Iam¡p¶Xn\v B[mcw. Xplv^xbpsS {]kvXmh\bnÂ
\n¶v CXp {Kln¡mw.
"a\pjyÀ¡p P\n¨ Ip«n \mbbpsS
cq]¯nemsW¦nepw ip²amWv. \mbcq]¯nepÅ a\pjy¡p«n kwkmchpw _p²nbpapÅhs\¦nÂ
aX¯nsâ hn[nhne¡pIÄ¡p hnt[b\mWv. ImcWw, hntij _p²nbmWp aX_m[yXbv¡v
B[mcw. AXv ChnsSbptÃm. cmSpIÄ tNÀ¶pmb a\pjycq]¯nepÅ Ip«nbpw,
_p²nbpw kwkmctijnbpapÅh\msW¦n aX_m[yXbpÅh\mbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Spw (Xplv^x
1þ291).
P´p¡fpsS
AÞtImi§Ä FSp¡mtam? F¶ ioÀjIw IqSn ImWpI (^nJvlv). |