(1) A\kp_v\p amenIv (d)
D²cn¡p¶p: A_vZpdlvam\p_v\p Hu^v (d) hnhmlnX\mbt¸mÄ dkq At±lt¯mSv ]dªp:
""Hcp BSdps¯¦nepw hnhml kZy \S¯pI.'' (_pJmcn 5167).
(2) A\kv_v\p amenIv (d) {]kvXmhn¨p:
""ssk\_v (d) F¶ ]Xv\nbpsS hnhml kZy \S¯nbXnt\¡mÄ A[nIambn AYhm
t{ijvTambn Xsâ ]Xv\namcn asämcmfpsS hnhml¯n\pw AÃmlphnsâ XncpZqXÀ kZy
\S¯nbn«nÃ. At¸mÄ km_nXp _p \m\n A\kn (d) t\mSp tNmZn¨p: F´p kZybmbncp¶p?
At±lw ]dªp: Xncpta\n AhÀ¡p sdm«nbpw amwkhpw `pPn¸n¨p. AhÀ injvSw Dt]£n¡pthmfw''(apkvenw
1428).
(3) A_qlpssddx (d) {]kvXmhn¨p:
""Blmc¯n Gäw Zpjn¨Xv k¼¶sc £Wn¡pIbpw AKXnIsf Hgnhm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶
kZymlmcamWv. kZym£Ww Bsc¦nepw kzoIcn¨nsæn Ah³ AÃmlphnt\mSpw Ahsâ {]hmNIt\mSpw
A\pkcWt¡Sp ImWn¨p'' (_pJmcn 5177apkvenw 1432).
(4) A_vZpÃmln_v\p DaÀ (d)
D²cn¨p: ""dkq Xncpta\n C{]Imcw {]kvXmhn¨n«pv. \n§sf kZy¡p £Wn¡s¸«mÂ
AXn ]s¦Sp¡pI (_pJmcn 5173, apkvenw 1429).
(5) Pm_nÀ (d) Â \n¶v \nthZ\w:
AÃmlphnsâ dkq {]kvXmhn¨p. kZy¡p £Wn¨m \n§Ä £Ww kzoIcn¡pI. F¶n«v Dt±in¡p¶psh¦nÂ
Blmcw Ign¡pI. Asæn Blmcw Dt]£n¡pI (apkvenw 1430, A_qZmhqZv 3740).
(6)dkq Xncpta\n ]dªXmbn
A_qlpssddx D²cn¡p¶p:""\n§fn hà hyànbpw £Wn¡s¸«m Ah³ £Ww kzoIcn¡s«.
Ah³ t\m¼pImcs\¦n {]mÀYn¡s«. t\m¼nÃm¯hs\¦n Blmcw Ign¡pIbpw sN¿s« (
apkvenw 1431).
kZybpw hncp¶pw t{ijvTamb
kXvIÀa§fn s]«XmWv. kZyIÄ ]ehn[apv. {]khw, AJoJ, tNemIÀ½w, hnhmlw,
a[phn[p, Krl{]thiw, ZoÀLbm{Xbn \n¶pÅ Xncn¨phchv, hnip² JpÀB³ a\x]mTam¡pI,
JpÀB³ JXvav sN¿pI, aXhnÚm\ {KÙw hmbn¨p XoÀ¡pI. Chbn Hmtcm Imcy¯n\pw
kZy \S¯Â kp¶¯mWv. A{]Imcw Xs¶ acWZpxJw A\p`hn¡p¶hÀ¡v AhcpsS AbÂhmknIÄ
\ÂIp¶ km´z\ kZybpw {]tXyI ImcWsam¶panÃmsX \ÂIp¶ kulrZkZybpw BXntYb³
AXnYn¡v \ÂIp¶ kZybpw kp¶¯mb kZyIfn s]Sp¶p.
apIfn ]dª kZyIsfÃmw kp¶¯msW¦nepw
a[phn[p kZybmWv Gähpw t{ijvTw. \nImln\p tijw GXp kab¯pw CXp \S¯mhp¶XmWv.
]t£, Z¼XnamÀ kwKan¨ DSs\ \S¯p¶XmWv D¯aw. ImcWw \_n (kz) A§s\bmWv
a[phn[p kZy \S¯nbn«pÅXv. AhnSp¶v Hcp `mcybpsS kZybpw hoSpIqSnbXn¶p
tijaÃmsX \S¯nbn«nÃ. F¶m hnhmlkZybpw a[phn[p kZybpw cmWv. H¶mat¯Xp \nImlnt\mS\p_Ôn¨p
\S¯p¶Xpw cmat¯Xp Z¼XnamcpsS kwKat¯m S\p_Ôn¨v \S¯p¶XpamWv. H¶mat¯Xp kp¶¯msW¦nepw
cmat¯Xnsâ {]m_eyhpw alXzhpw AXn\nÃ. AXpsImp a[phn[p kZy A\nhmcyambpw
\S¯Ww. Dt]£ hcp¯p¶Xv Idml¯mWv.lZokpIfpsS _mlyhiw ]cnKWn¨v AXp \nÀ_ÔamsW¶pw
Dt]£n ¡Â ldmamsW¶pw ]WvVnXcn NneÀ {]Jym]n¨n«pv.
a[phn[p kZy ap³Iqdmbn \S¯mhp¶XmWv.
]t£, \nImln\p ap¼p ]änÃ. ]änsöp ]dªm _m[yX hoSnÃ. Idml¯p \o§pIbpanÃ.
Gäw {]_eamb Cu kZybpsS {]Xn^ew e`n¡pIbpanÃ. £Ww \nImln\p ap¼mIp¶Xp
sImp hntcm[anÃ. AYhm \nImln\p tijw \S¯p¶ a[phn[p kZybv¡p t\ct¯ £Wn¡mhp¶XmWv.
Cu kZybpsS hen¸¯nt\m sNdp¸¯nt\m AXncnÃ. Blmctam ]m\obtam F´pamhmw. [qÀ¯pw
Zpc`nam\hpanÃmsX Ignh\pkcn¨p hen¸w Iq«p¶ {Ia¯n\p \³abpw ta³ abpw
hÀ²n¡p¶p. ]qÀ®XbpsS an\naw ]pWyw In«m³ HcmsS¦nepw Adp¡Ww. Dfvln¿¯n\p ]cym]vXamb
HcmSv. "HcmSdps¯¦nepw kZy \S¯pI' F¶p \_n (kz) A_vZpdlvam\p_v\p Hu^n
(d) t\mSv I¸n¨Xnsâ Dt±iyw AXmWv. ]qÀ®XbpsS ]mcayw ImWn¡m\Ã, AXnsâ an\naw
Afhp ImWn¡m\mWv \_n (kz) HcmsS¦nepw F¶p ]dªXv.
BcmWv a[phn[pkZy \St¯Xv? AXp
`À¯mhp Xs¶. Ahsâ A\phmZt¯msS `mcybvt¡m `mcym ]nXmhnt\m \S¯mhp¶XmWv. Cu
kZybpsS A\p{Kl¯n `mcy kZvhr¯bpw kZvkz`mhn\nbpw Bbn¯ocpI F¶XmWv Dt±iyw.
AXv sImp Xs¶ A\nhmcy L«¯n _lp`mcyXzw kzoIcn¡p¶psh¦n Hmtcm `mcybv¡pw
{]tXyIambn Xs¶ kZy \S¯Ww.
kp¶¯mb GsXmcp kZybv¡p £Wn¨mepw
£Ww kzoIcn¡p¶Xp kp¶¯mWv. F¶m a[phn[p kZy CXn \n¶p hyXykvXamWv. AXn\p
£Wn¨m £Ww kzoIcn¡Â \nÀ_ÔamWv. Dt]£ ldmapw. F¶mÂ, GsXmcmÄ¡pw GsXmcp
kmlNcy¯nepw GsXmcp £Whpw kzoIcnt¡ _m[yXbptm? AXnÃ. £Ww kzoIcn¡Â
a[phn[p kZybn \nÀ_Ôhpw aäpÅhbn kp¶¯pamIp¶Xn\p Nne D]m[nIfpv. H¶maXmbn
Ah\p X¡Xmb {]Xn_Ô§sfm¶panÃmXncn¡Ww. PpapA: \nÀ _Ôw HgnhmIp¶Xn\pÅ
ImcW§fmWv ChnsS {]Xn_Ô§Ä. tcmKw, BXpc ip {iqj, i{Xp`bw, DNnXamb
hkv{X¯nsâ A`mhw BZnbmbhsbÃmw Ahbn s]Sp¶p. cmaXmbn Ahs\ hyàn]cambn £Wn¡Ww.
AXp t\cnt«m I¯paptJ\tbm ZqX³ aptJ\tbm Bhmw. B £Ww ZrVkzc¯nepÅ
Xmbncn¡pIbpw thWw. "Dt±in¡p¶hscms¡ hcs«' F¶p ]dbpItbm "\n\¡njvSapÅhscsbms¡
£Wn¡pI' sb¶p asämcmsf GÂ]n¡pItbm sNbvXm £Ww kzoIcnt¡ _m[yXbnÃ. £Ww
hyàn]casöXmWp ImcWw. "CjvSaps¦n hcnI' F¶p ]dªmepw kzo Icn¡Â \nÀ_ÔanÃ.
ZrVkzcaÃm¯Xp sImmWnXv.
HcmfpsS k¼¯n ldmaps¶p
t_m[ys¸«m £Ww kzoIcnt¡XnÃ. A{]Imcw Xs¶ kZy¡mc³ sX½mSntbm A{Iantbm _nZvA¯pImct\m
Zpc`nam\ntbm BsW¦nepw £Ww kzoIcnt¡XnÃ. asämcmÄ thhn[w t\cs¯ £Wn¨n«ps¦nÂ
cmasâ £Ww kuayambn \ncknt¡XmWv. Htc kabw cp t]À £Wn¨m Ip Spw__Ô¯nÂ
ASp¯h\p ap³KW\ \evIWw. ]ns¶ ap³KW\ Gäw ASp¯ ho «pImc\mWv. FÃm
Imcy¯nepw Ccphcpw XpÃysa¦n \dp¡nSpIbmWv thXv. km¼¯nI Imcy¯n kzX{´hn\ntbmK¯n\p
aXho£W¯n A\paXnbpÅh\mbncn¡Ww kZy¡mc³. Asæn £Ww kzoIcn¡mhXÃ. At¸mÄ
Ip«nItfm {`m´·mtcm \S¯p¶ kZybn ]s¦Sp¡mhXÃ. k¼¶sctbm {]Xm]nItftbm
am{Xw £Wn¡p¶ hncp¶nepw ]s¦Sp¡Â \nÀ_ÔanÃ. AKXnIsfbpw Zcn{Zscbpw AhKWn¨p
k¼¶À¡pw {]Xm]nIÄ¡pw AImcWambn ap³KW\ \ÂIn Hcp¡p¶ kZysb Gäw Zpjn¨
BlmcambmWv \_n (kz) hntijn¸n¨n«pÅXv.Xncpta\nbpsS {]kvXmh\ ImWpI: "kZybv¡v
]s¦Sp¡m³ k¶²cmbhsc hne¡pIbpw AXn\p k¶²cÃm¯hsc £Wn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ kZybnse
BlmcamWv Blmc¯n Gäw Zpjn¨Xv'' (apkvenw). Cu lZoknsâ icnbmb hymJym\amWv
{]hmNI injy\mb A_qlpssddx (d) bpsS {]kvXmh\: ""k¼¶À £Wn¡s¸SpIbpw
km[p¡Ä Dt]£n¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ kZybnse BlmcamWv Gäw tamis¸« Blmcw''.
AbÂ]¡¯nsâ t]cn tem kl{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ t]cntem k¼¶À¡p ap³KW\ hcp¶Xp sImv
hntcm[anÃ. k¼¶sc Hgn¨p \nÀ¯n Zcn{Zsc am{Xw £Wn¡p¶Xpw A\`nImayamWv. A§s\bpÅ
kZybnepw ]s¦Sp¡Â _m[yXbnÃ. ]ckv]c _Ôhpw kvt\lhpw kulrZhpw
Du«nbpd¸n¡pIbmWv kZybpsSbpw hncp¶nsâbpw e£yw. Cu e£y¯n\p hncp²amWv
taÂ]dª hnthN\§Ä.
kZym£W¯nÂ
Zpcpt±iyaps¶v a\Ênembmepw ]s¦Sp¡Â \nÀ_ÔanÃ. Xsâ D]{Zhw `b¶Xp sImtm
Asæn XsâbSp¯p hà Øm\hpw In«p¶Xn\p thn tbm AXpasæn sXämb Imcy¯n\p
klmbn¡p¶Xn\p thntbm £Wn¡s¸«m £Ww kzoIcnt¡XnÃ. hnhcw, kZvKpWw, kq£vaX
BZnbmb \³aIfpsS t] cn HcmÄ £Wn¡s¸Sp¶psh¦n £Ww kzoIcn¡pI Xs¶ thWw.
kZymkZÊn Xs¶ imcocnIamtbm am\knIamtbm ]oVn¸n¡p¶ i{Xpthm Akqbmepthm
Zpjv {]hÀ¯\§tfm Ds¦n £Ww kzoIcnt¡XnÃ. A{]Imcw Xs¶ AhnsS ldmamb hÃ
Imcyhpaps¦n kw_Ônt¡Xnsöp am{XaÃ, ]s¦Sp¡Â ldmamIp¶XpamWv. ImcWw a\x]qÀÆw
ldmansâ kZkn ]s¦Sp¡p¶Xv AXn\pÅ AwKoImcambn¯ocpw. kv{Xo ]pcpj·mÀ ]ckv]cw
ImWp¶ kmlNcyapmhpI, ayqknIv, \mSIw, kn\nam {]ZÀi\w, Km\taf, anan{In,
aZy]m\w, Um³kv, {]Xna, PohnIfpsS Nn{Xw BZnbmbhsbÃmw \njn²Imcy§fn s]Sp¶p.
Chbn hÃXpapÅ kZkn And ªp sImp ]s¦Sp¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AdnbmsX sN¶ps]«m DSs\
Øew hnSpIbpw sN¿Ww. Xsâ km¶n[yw sImv {]kvXpX ldmw \o§psa¶p Im ]s¦Sp¡Â
\nÀ_ÔamWv. Ahsâ km¶n[ytam D]tZitam ^en¡msX h¶m Øew hnS \nÀ _ÔamWv.
Øew hnSm³ km[n¡m¯ \nÀ_ÔnXmhØ h¶m ]qÀWamb hntbmPn¸pw AXr]vXnbpw ]peÀt¯XmWv.
\ymbm[n]t\m aäp DtZymKØt\m
Xsâ A[nImc ]cn[nbnÂs¸« Øe¯v kZy¡p £Wn¡s¸«m Xm³ kzm[o\n¡s¸Sm³
km[yXbpÅXp sImv £Ww kzoIcn¡mXncn¡pIbmWv thXv. kZy Ht¶m ctm Znhk¯nÂ
IqSm³ ]mSnÃ. Hcp Znhks¯ XhWIfpw XssYh. HcmÄ aq¶p Znhkw kZy \S¯p¶psh¦nÂ
£Ww kzoIcn¡Â {]Ya Zn\w \nÀ_Ôhpw ZznXob Zn\w kp¶¯pw XrXob Zn\w
Idml¯pamWv. Hcp Zn hkw aq¶v kab¯mbn aq¶p kZyIÄ \S¯p¶psh¦nepw CtX
hn[nXs¶. F¶m Øe]cnanXn \nan¯tam £WnXm¡fpsS hÀ²\hv \nan¯tam Znhktam
XhWtbm Iq«p¶Xn\p hntcm[anÃ. AImcWambn cn IqSpXem¡p¶Xv A\`nImayamWv.
\_n (kz) {]kvXmhn¡p¶p: ""hnhml kZy H¶mw Znhkw _m[yXbpw cmw Znhkw
Hcp]Imchpw aq¶mw Znhkw Hcp {]IS\hpw {]ikvXnbpw am{XamIp¶p.''
£WnXmhv £Ww kzoIcn¡pt¼mÄ {]hmNI
NcybpsS A\pIcWhpw Xncp\_n tbmSpÅ A\pkcWhpw Xsâ ktlmZcs\ kµÀin¡pI aptJ\
Aht\mSpÅ hµ\hpw e£yam¡Ww. am{XaÃ, £Ww XnckvIcn¡pI hgn Xs¶¡pdn¨v
Al¦mctam ktlmZc \nµtbm aäpÅhÀ [cn¡mXncn¡h®apÅ hn\bhpw e£yamt¡XmWv.
C¡mcy§Ä kZy¡p t]mIpt¼mÄ £WnXmhpw IcpXp¶Xv kp¶¯mIp¶p. hà {]Xn_Ôhpaps¦nÂ
kZy¡p £Wn¨hs\ AXp t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶Xv D¯aamWv. A§s\ sNbvXm XnckvIcW Ipäw
Hgnhm¡pIbpw sN¿mw.
{hXw
kZym£Ww kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\p {]Xn_ÔaÃ. t\m¼pImc\msW¦nepw £Ww kzo Icn¡Â _m[yXbmWv.
\nÀ_Ô{hXsa¦n AXpt]£n¡m³ ]mSnÃ. kp¶¯p t\ms¼¦n AXp apdn¡mXncn¡p¶XmWv
D¯aw. ]t£, Xm³ Blmcw Ign¡mXncn¡p¶Xp sImv kZy \ÂIp¶hÀ¡v a\t¢iapmIpsa¶p
Im t\m¼pt]£n¡p¶XmWv Gäw D¯aw. AXp _eamb kp¶¯p t\m¼msW¦nepw icn. Xsâ
ktlmZcsâ a\Ên\p kt´mjw ]IcpI F¶ Dt±iyt¯msSbmWv t\m¼p apdnt¡Xv. ChnsS
t\m¼nt\¡mÄ {][m\w apkvenw ktlmZcsâ kt´mjamWv. s]m§¨tam _m ly{]ISt\m
hcnsæn "Rm³ t\m¼pImc\msW¶v' HgnhpIgnhp ]dbmhp¶XmWv. GXmbncp¶mepw
t\m¼p \nan¯w kZym£Ww \nckn¡mhXÃ.kZy¡p t]mIWw, AXntYb\p A\njvSansænÂ
t\m¼p \ne \nÀ¯pIbpw sN¿Ww. F¦n ]ns¶ F´n\mWnbmÄ kZy¡p t]mIp¶Xv? Xn¶m\tÃ
kZybpw hncp¶pw? A§s\bÃ. t`mP\w am{Xaà £W kzoIcW¯nsâ e£ysa¶p ]WvVnX³amÀ
tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. AhÀ Xn¶nsænepw AhcpsS km¶n[yw sImp e£yw k^eamIpw. AhÀ
aptJ\ BXntYbÀ¡pw kZkyÀ¡pw A\p{Klw e`n¡pw. AhÀ kZÊns\mcp Ae¦mcambn¯ocpw.
AhcpsS \nÀt±i§Ä AhÀ¡p ^e{]ZamIpw. AhcpsS km¶n[yw \nan¯w A`wKnbmb ]e
Imcy§fpw Ahcpt]£n¡m\nShcpw. kÀtÆm]cn Ahsâ {]mÀY\ BXntYb\p Hc\p{Klambn
]cnWan¡pw. \_n (kz) bpsS D]cypà {]kvXmh\ \ap¡nhnsS H¶p IqSn A\pkvacn¡mw:""\n§fnÂ
hsÃmcmfpw kZybv¡p £Wn¡s¸«m Ah³ £Ww kzoIcn¡t«, F¶n«p AhÀ t\m¼pImcs\¦nÂ
{]mÀYn¨p sImSp¡t«. t\m¼nÃm¯hs\¦n Blmcw Ign¡pIbpw sN¿t«''(apkvenw).
£WnXm¡sf ]eX«pIfmbn Xncn¨p
kZybn hnthN\w ImWn¡p¶Xv A\`nImayamWv, Idml¯mWv. AXnsâ t]cn aäpÅhÀ¡p
a\xt¢iapmIpsa¦n NneÀ¡p am{Xw hntijmlmc§Ä \ÂIp¶Xv icnbÃ. F¶m kp¶¯n\p
hncp²ambn BXntYbÀ A§s\ sNbvXm {]tXyI¡mÀ¡p thn X¿mÀ sNbvX hntijmlmcw
aäpÅhscSp¯v Ign¡m³ ]mSnÃ. A{]Imcw Xs¶ £Wn¡m¯ kZy¡p t]mIp¶Xpw
\njn²amWv. ldmamb `£Ww DZc¯n {]thin¸n¡p¶Xv a\Êpw Bßmhpw Zpjn¡p¶Xn\p
ImcWambn¯ocpw. (Ahew_w : duf 5/ 645þ652, Xplv^: 7/422 þ438, idlp
apkvenw 5/249þ254, ^Xvlp _mcn 11/536þ560, ^Xvlp apCu³ 378þ382,
XÀiolv 323þ327, CB\¯v 3/357þ370).
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