Section : Miladu Nnabi(sw) Printed On

atäXp cwKhpw t

{]hmNI kvt\l¯nsâ a[p`mjnXw

 

\µnbpsSbpw hµ\¯nsâbpw hnImcw tXmakv {_u¬ ]dª t]mse ""DÖzeamb kvt\l hnImcw Xs¶bmWv. Hcp hyànbn \n¶p \ap¡v t\«§Ä e`n¡pt¼mgmWv Cu kvt\l hnImcap­mIp¶Xv. k¼qÀ®amb kt´mjt¯msSbpw A\yq\amb BßmÀYXtbmsSbpw \nÀÆln¡p¶ t{ijvTamb s]cpamät¯mSpÅ ^e{]Zamb {]XnIcWamWp \µnbpw hµ\hpw. Cu {]XnIcWw kXzchpw kzm`mhnIhpamWv''. HcmÄ kvt\ln¡s¸Sm\pw XZzmcm \µn¡pw hµ\¯n\pw AÀl\mbn¯ocm\papÅ ImcW¯nsâ Hcp `uXnI ho£WamWp apIfn D²cn¨Xv. s{]m. hneyw tUhnUv k³ (William H. Davidson) At±l¯nsâ aX [Àa hnÚm\ tImi¯n (Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics vol: 6, P. 391)  tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅ ho£WamWnXv.

 

Cu ho£Ww A]qÀ®amWv. kvt\lhmbv]nsâ Hcp \nan¯w am{XamWv CXn Nq­n¡mWn¨n«pÅXv. F«p \qäm­pIÄ¡p ap¼v Jmfo Cbmfv(ln: 476þ544) \S¯nb ho£Ww hfsc ka{KamWv. ""a\pjysâ A`ncpNntbmSv Hcp hkvXpthm hyàntbm HuNnXyw ]peÀ¯p¶Xp aqew Ah\v B hkvXphnt\mSv Asæn B hyàntbmSv D­mhp¶ {]Xn]¯nbmWp kvt\lw. F¶m kvt\l¯n\m[mcamb Cu HuNnXy¯n\p ImcWambn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xp aq¶p kwKXnIfmWv. B hyàn Ahsâ ]t©{µnb§Ä¡p tKmNco`hn¡p¶Xp sIm­v Ah\v BkzmZ\ap­mhpI. kpµccq]§tfmSpw kpc`neKÔ§tfmSpw a[pci_vZ§tfmSpw cpNnIcamb Blmc]m\ob§tfmSpw a\pjy³ kvt\lw {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv C¡mcW¯memWv. c­v, Hcp hyànbpsS t{ijvTamb B´cnI KpW§sf kw_Ôn¨p _p²n aptJ\bp­mIp¶ {KlWmkzmZ\w. kÖ\§Ä, ]ÞnX·mÀ, [ÀanjvTÀ, k¨cnXcpw kZvhr¯cpambn Adnbs¸« aäp hyànIÄ Chscsbms¡ \mw kvt\ln¡p¶Xv Cu hgn¡mWv. C¯c¡mtcmSpÅ kvt\l hmbv]v {]IrXn klPamWv. aq¶v, B hyànbn \n¶v D]Imctam A\p{Kltam e`n¡pI. D]Imchpw KpWhpw sN¿p¶htcmSp kvt\lw P\n¡pI a\pjy{]IrXamWv(in^m 2:23).

 

HcmÄ asämcmsf kvt\ln¡p¶Xn\p ImcWambn aq¶p Imcy§fmWp Nq­n¡mWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. kuµcyw XpS§nb _mlyKpW§Ä, hnÚm\w XpS§nb B´cnI KpW§Ä, Abmfn \n¶p X\n¡p e`n¡p¶ \·Ifpw D]Imc§fpw. Cu aq¶n\§Ä¡pw imJIfpw D]imJIfpap­v. Ahsbms¡ kvt\l¯n\m[mcamWv. Hcp hyànbn H¯ptNÀ¶ KpW§fpsS F®¯nsâbpw h®¯nsâbpw A\p]mXa\pkcn¨mbncn¡pw kvt\l¯nsâ Gä¡pd¨nÂ. kpµct\mSpw almkpµct\mSpapÅ kvt\lw XpeyaÃ. ]ÞnXt\mSpw alm]ÞnXt\mSpapÅ kvt\l§Ä X½nepap­v A´cw. A{]Imcw Xs¶ sNdnb KpWw sNbvXht\mSpÅ kvt\laà henb KpWw sNbvXht\mSpÅXv. Hcp KpWw sNbvXht\mSp­mbn¯ocp¶ kvt\lhpw ]e KpW§Ä sNbvXht\mSpÅ kvt\lhpw X½n {]ISamb hyXymkw ImWmw.

 

F¶m kvt\l¯nsâ FÃm \nan¯§fpw ka{Kambn Hcp hyànbn H¯p tNÀ ¶mtem? B hyàn temI¯v, FÃmhcmepw, Ft¸mgpw, Gähpw kvt\ln¡s¸Sm³ AÀl\mbncn¡psa¶ Imcy¯n XÀ¡¯n\nSbnÃ. A§s\ Hcp hyàn ]t£ D­mIptam? AXp kw`hyamtWm? AtX, kw`hyamWv; kw`hn¨n«p­v. temIw B hyànsb hyàambn I­p. At±l¯nsâ AXpeyamb hyàn{]`mhs¯ i{Xpan{X t`Zsat\y tcJs¸Sp¯pIbpap­mbn.

 

kuµcyw, kuc`yw, {]k¶X, {]Xn`miàn, kZmNmcw, kÂkz`mhw, kl\w, klnjvWpX, hnime a\kvIX, hnime ho£Ww, ZoÀL ZÀi\w, ImcpWyw, alma\kvIX, ss[cyw, ssØcyw, kmlknIX, `cWw, t\XrXzw, kzm[o\w, \bX{´w, \oXn\ymbw, bp²]mShw, ssk\ym[n]Xyw, A[ym]\w, kwkvIcWw, kap²mcWw, {]kwKw, D]tZiw, in£Ww, ØntcmÕmlw, BßmÀYX, {]hÀ¯\w, tkh\w, kwLmS\w, BZnbmb FÃm alZv KpW§fnepw A£cmÀY¯n AXpeyamb Hcp almhyànXzs¯ \mw Ncn{X¯n ImWp¶p. AXmWp temI{]hmNI\mb apl½Zv \_n(kz). a\pjy kaql¯nsâ tam£¯n\pw kap²mcW¯n\pw th­n \_n(kz) sNbvXn«pÅ tkh\amWv Gähpw {it²bambn«pÅXv. Jmfo Cbmfn(d)s\ Xs¶ D²cn¡s«. ""kIe hnizmknIÄ¡pw AhnSp¶v sNbvX KpWs¯¡mÄ al¯camsbmcp KpWw asä´p­v.!? kÀÆ apkvenwIÄ¡pw AhnSp¶v sNbvX A\p{Kls¯¡mÄ henb A\p{Klw asä´p­v!? AhÀ¡v amÀ¤ ZÀi\w \ÂIn AÔXbn \n¶hsc c£n¨p hnPb¯nte¡pw {]Xm]¯nte¡pw Ahsc £Wn¨p. AhcpsS \mY\nte¡pÅ am[yahpw in]mÀiI\pw km£nbpambn hÀ¯n¡pIbpw imizX ku`mKyhpw \nXykuJyhpw AhÀ¡v A\nhmcyam¡n¯oÀ¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

aX ho£W¯n bYmÀY kvt\l¯nsâ AhIminbmWp \_nX§sf¶p lZokpIÄ hyàam¡p¶p. {]IrXym t\m¡nbmepw bYmÀY kvt\l¯n\p {]hmNI³ AÀl\msW¶ Imcyw kv]jvSamWv. X§fpsS hnimeamb KpWhpw hym]Iamb A\p{Klhpw AXn\p sXfnhmWv. `uXnI temI¯v X\n¡v Ht¶m ct­m XhW hà D]Imchpw \ÂIpItbm Asæn Hc]IS¯n \nt¶m Hcp sNdnb hnja¯n \nt¶m c£ \ÂIpItbm sNbvX hyànsb a\pjy³ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n A\izc ku`mKyw {]Zm\w sN¿pIbpw HSp§m¯ in£bn \n¶p c£n¡pIbpw sNbvX hyàn a\pjysâ kvt\l¯n\v Gähpw AÀl\mWv. a\pjy³ {]IrXym Xs¶, Hcp `cWm[n]s\ Ahsâ kZv`cW¯nsâ t]cnepw Hcp \ymbm[n]s\ Ah sâ \oXnbpsS t]cnepw Hcp hnZqckvYs\ AbmfpsS {]kn²amb hnÚm\¯nsâ tbm kz`mh alnabpsStbm t]cnepw kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Cu alZvKpW§Ä apgph³ ]cn]qÀ®ambn kt½fn¨ Hcp hyàn kvt\l¯n\pw {]Xn]¯n¡pw Gähpw AÀl³ Xs¶''(in^m 2:24þ25).

 

GsXmcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhns\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfhpw Akm[yamb Hcp hn¹hamWp \_n(kz) km[n¨Xv. {]hmNIcpsS {]Ya kwt_m[nXcmb Ad_nIfpsS ZpchØbpw ]X\hpw AXn\p aXnbmb sXfnhmWv. AXntesd Zb\obambncp¶p tdmam t]Àjy³ km{amPy§fpsSbpw bqtdm¸nsâbpw ØnXn. F¨v. Pn. shÂknsâ hcnIÄ Ipdn¡s«. ""ss_km´nb³ km{amPyhpw t]Àjy³ km{amPyhpw \ioIcW t]mcm«§fnembncp¶p. C´ybmIs« XZhkcw On{ZXbnepw ZpØnXnbnepambncp¶p'' (A Short History of the World P. 144). (kodx \_hn¿x \Zvhn: 35).

 

bqtdm¸nsâ ]X\w tdm_À«v {_nt^mÄ«nsâ hcnIfn \n¶p {Kln¡mw. "A©mw \qäm­p apX ]¯mw \qäm­p hsc bqtdm¸nepS\ofw Xtamcm{Xn hym]n¨ncp¶p. Cu cm{XnbpsS XaÊv A\pZn\w hÀ²n¨p sIm­ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. A¡mes¯ arKobX ]pcmX\ bpK§fnse arKobXtb¡mÄ `oIchpw Adphjf\pambncp¶p. (The Making of Humanity P. 164).(kodx \_hn¿x \Zvhn: 33).

 

\mKcnI temIw apgph³ A¡me¯v \mi h{à¯nse¯nbncp¶psh¶mWv sP.F¨v sU\n\³ ]dbp¶Xv. ""{In: A©v, Bdv \qäm­pIfn \mKcnI temIw apgph³ AcmPIXz¯nsâbpw\mi¯nsâbpw hmbbnse¯n¡gnªncp¶p. \membncw hÀj§fmbn«p hfÀ¶p h¶ \mKcnIX A´À²m\w sN¿mdmsb¶p, ImWp¶hÀs¡m s¡ tXm¶pambncp¶p. a\pjy³ ho­pw arKobXbnte¡pw {]mIrXXz¯nte¡pw aS§pIbmbncp¶p. B arKobXbn tKm{X§Ä ]ckv]cw Igp¯dp¡pIbpw hÀ¤§Ä¡pw hn`mK§Ä¡panSbn bp²w Bfn¸ScpIbpambncp¶p. XZzmcm kam[m\w \ntÈjw \jvSs¸«ncp¶p. (Emotion as the basis of civilization P 265). (A _Avkp Ckveman)

 

Cu XeXncnª temI¯nsâ KXn¡p amäw hcp¯n Hcp hntizm¯c kapZmbs¯ hmÀs¯Sp¡pI km[yambncp¶nÃ. ]t£, apl½Zv apkvX^m(kz) AÃmlphnsâ klmbt¯msS CXp km[nXam¡n. {]kn² {^©v kmlnXyImc\mb emaÀ«n³ (17901869 \_n Xncpta\n(kz)bpsS \ncp]aamb hnPb¯n\p ap¼n \{ainckvI\mIp¶Xp ImWpI: ""C{Xbpw atlm¶Xamb Hcp e£y¯n\mbn Hcp a\pjy\pw Cd§n¯ncn¨ Ncn{XanÃ. ImcWw Cu e£yw a\pjyIgnhn¶XoXambncp¶p.a\pjysâbpw Ahsâ {kjvSmhnsâbpw CSbv¡p krjvSn¡s¸« anYym`n¯nIÄ XIÀ¡pIbpw a\pjys\ ssI]nSn¨v Ahsâ \mYsâ ]SnhmXp¡te¡m\bn¡pIbpw DÖzehpw kwip²hpamb GIssZh kn²m´w, kÀÆ hym]Iamb hn{Klmcm[\bpsSbpw `uXnI ssZh§fpsSbpw ImÀtaLm´co£¯n bmYmÀYyam¡pIbpw sN¿pIbmbncp¶p B ]ctam¶X e£yw. sNdpXpw \nÊmchpamb am[ya§fpambn CÆn[w ZpÀhlhpw F¶m AXn{][m\hpw AXypZm¯hpamb D¯chmZn¯w asämcp a\pjy\pw GsäSp¯ kw`hap­mbn«nÃ'' (Histore de la Turquie 2/276, Islam in the world: P1516 ) (kodx \_hn¿: \Zvhn 51).

 

C¡mcWw sIm­p Xs¶bmWv Ccp\qdp hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v tXmakv ImÀsse kIe {]hmNI·mcpsSbpw Iq«¯n \n¶v apl½Zv \_n(kz)sb Gähpw henb Ncn{X ]pcpj\mbn XncsªSp¯Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nsâ A´y¯n ssa¡Â F¨v lmÀ«v, Ncn{X¯n Gähpw kzm[o\w sNep¯nb \qdp alm·mcpsS Ncn{X ]«nIbpÄsImÅn¨v The hundred F¶ {KÙsagpXnbt¸mÄ apl½Zv(kz)bv¡p {]Ya Øm\w \ÂInbXnsâ ImcWhpw asäm¶Ã.

 

hnizhntamNI\mb {]hmNI intcmaWnsb kvt\ln¡m³ temIw apgph³ ISs¸«ncn¡p¶p. ""kIe temI¯n\pw A\p{Klambn«pam{XamWp Xm¦sf \mw \ntbmKn¨n«pÅXv'' F¶mWp JpÀBsâ {]kvXmhw. Cu bmYmÀYyw Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm k½Xn¡m³ k·\Êp ImWn¨ Ncn{XImc·mcn Hcmfmb tPm¬ hneyw {Um¸À (Jonhn William Draper) ]dbp¶p. "" PÌo\nb³ (Justinian) ImeKXn {]m]n¨v \mep hÀj§Ä¡p tijw, {In. 569  Atd_y³ D]Zzo]nse Hcp ]«Wamb a¡bn alm³ P\n¨p. At±l¯n\p, a\pjy hÀ¤¯n apgph³ kzm[o\w sNep¯m³ km[n¨p. apl½Zv \_nbn kt½fn¨ aZvlvKpW§Ä kapZmb§fpsSbpw hÀ¤§fpsSbpw cmPy§fpsSbpw `cWIqS§fpsSbpw KXnIÄ¡p amäw hcp¯pIbp­mbn (A History of the Intellectual Development of Europe 1:229).

 

Hcp a\pjysâ {]Yahpw ]cahpamb kvt\lw Ahsâ {kjvSmhmb AÃmlpthmSmbncn¡Ww. AXpsIm­p Xs¶ c­mas¯ kvt\lw AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIcmb Xncp\_ntbmSmbncn¡Ww. AYhm krjvSnIfn Gähpw henb kvt\lw {]hmNIt\mSv. Cu kvt\lw kXyhnizmk¯nsâ auenILSIamWv. ""]dbpI: \n§fpsS ]nXm¡fpw ]p{X·mcpw ktlmZc§fpw CWIfpw \n§fpsS IpSpw_§fpw \n§Ä k¼mZn¨ k¼¯p¡fpw \n§Ä amµyw `bs¸Sp¶ I¨hS¨c¡pIfpw \n§Ä CjvSs¸« `h\§fpamWv AÃmlpsh¡mfpw Ahsâ dkqens\¡mfpw Ahsâ amÀ¤¯n [Àakacw \S¯p¶Xns\¡mfpw \n§Ä¡p {]nb¦csa¦n AÃmlp Ah sâ I¸\ \S¸n hcp¯p¶Xp hsc \n§Ä Im¯ncn¡pI. AXn{IanIfmb P\Xsb AÃmlp k·mÀ¤¯nem¡pIbnà (hnip² JpÀB³ 9:24).

 

Xsâ k´m\§Ä, amXm]nXm¡Ä, aäp P\§Ä ChscÃmhsc¡mfpw Fs¶ kvt\ ln¡p¶Xphsc Hcmfpw kXyhnizmknbmhpIbnsö \_n(kz)bpsS {]kvXmh\ kp{]kn²amWv. DaÀ ^mdqJv(d) Hcn¡Â \_n(kz)tbmSv C{]Imcw ]dªp. ""AÃmlphmsW, Rm³ A§sb, Fsâ icoc¯nse Bßmshmgn¨pÅ asäÃm hkvXp¡sf¡mfpw {]nb¦c\m¡p¶p''. At¸mÄ \_n(kz) ]dªp; kz´w Bßmhns\¡mfpw Rm³ X\n¡p {]nb¦c\mIp¶Xv hsc Hcmfpw kXyhnizmknbmhpIbnÃ''. DSs\ DaÀ(d) C§s\ {]XnIcn¨p: "A§bv¡p hnip² {KÙw AhXcn¸n¨h³ Xs¶ kXyw, Fsâ icoc¯nse Bßmhns\¡mfpw A§v F\n¡p {]nb¦c\mWv'. DSs\ AhnSp¶v {]XnhNn¨p: ""Datd Ct¸mÄ.......''(_pJmcn). Hcn¡Â HcmÄ \_n (kz)sb kao]n¨p tNmZn¨p: "A´yZn\w Ft¸mgmWv?' "\o AXn\mbn F´p X¿mÀ sNbvXn«p­v?' F¶mbncp¶p {]hmNIcpsS {]XnIcWw. At±lw ]dªp: "AXn\mbn Rm³ IqSpX \nkv¡mchpw t\m¼pw kzZJbpw X¿mÀ sNbvXn«nÃ. ]t£, Rm³ AÃmlpshbpw dkqens\bpw kvt\ln¡p¶p'. AhnSp¶v ]dªp: ""\o kvt\ln¨htcmsSm¸w Xs¶''.

 

AÃmlpshbpw dkqens\bpw Gähpw A[nIw kvt\ln¡Wsa¶pw AXv Cuam\nsâ A\nhmcyLSIamsW¶pw kvt\lw Gähpw D¯aamb Hcp C_mZ¯msW ¶pw \mw a\Ênem¡n. F¶m F´mWp kvt\l¯nsâ e£Ww. CXp kw_Ôambn AÃmam; Jmfn Cbmfv(d) \ÂInb hniZoIcWw C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw. ""HcmÄ asämcmsf kvt\ln¨m Ah\p ap³KW\ \ÂIp¶p. Aht\mSp tbmPn¸p {]ISn¸n¡p¶p. Csæn Ahsâ kvt\lhmZw anYybmbncn¡pw. {]hmNI kvt\lhpw XssYh. ""HcmÄ {]hmNIs\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¶p ]dªmÂ, AXn kXyhpw BßmÀYXbpaps­¦n B kvt\l¯nsâ e£Ww Ah\n {]ISamIpw. {]hmNI kvt\l¯nsâ {]Ya e£Ww A\pkcWhpw A\pIcWhpamWv. hnip² JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p: ""Hm \_o, ]dbpI. \n§Ä AÃmlpsh kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Fs¶ A\pKan¡pI. F¦n AÃmlp \n§sf kvt\ln¡pw''.

 

At¸mÄ \_nNcy PohnX¯n ]IÀ¯Ww. at\mhm¡Àa§fn \_n(kz)sb A\pIcn¡Ww. AXmWp kvt\l¯nsâ {]Yahpw {][m\hpamb e£Ww. \_n Xncpta\n(kz) A\kp_v\p amenIv(d) F¶ injy\p \ÂInb Hcp]tZiw ImWpI: ""IpªpaIt\, \nsâ a\Ên HcmtfmSpw Akqbbpw ]IbpanÃmsX {]`mXs¯bpw {]tZmjs¯bpw A`napJoIcn¡m³ {ian¡pI. IpªpaIt\ AXv Fsâ Ncybn s]«XmWv. Fsâ Ncy hÃh\pw Pohn¸n¨m Ah³ Fs¶ kvt\ln¨p. Fs¶ Bsc¦nepw kvt\ln¨m Ah³ Ft¶msSm¸w kzÀ¤¯nembn.

 

{]hmNI kvt\l¯nsâ {][m\ e£W§fn aäp NneXp IqSn ]dbmw.(1)\_n (kz)sb AÀlamb hn[w _lpam\n¡pI. \_n(kz)bpsS t]cp tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ _lpam\hpw hn\bhpw {]ISn¸n¨p sIm­v kzem¯v sNmÃpI.(2) \_n(kz)sb IqSpXembn {]iwkn¡pI. (3) ImWm³ D¡Samb B{Klw {]ISn¸n¡pI. (4) \_n (kz) kvt\ln¨hsc kvt\ln¡pIbpw Ahsc shdp¡p¶hsc shdp¡pIbpw sN¿pI. (5) \_n(kz)tbmSp i{XpX ]peÀ¯p¶htcmSp shdp¸p {]ISn¸n¡pI. (6) _nZvA¯pImsc _lnjvIcn¡pI. (7) icoA¯n\p hncp²amb GsXmcp Imcyt¯mSpw A\njvSw {]ISn¸n¡pI. (8) JpÀBt\mSp kvt\lw {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw AXp ]mcmbWw sN¿pIbpw Bibw {Kln¨p {]mhÀ¯nIam¡pIbpw sN¿pI. (9) \_n(kz)bpsS A\pbmbnItfmSp Iqdpw ImcpWyhpw ImWn¡pIbpw AhcpsS c£bv¡pw KpW¯n\pw th­n bXv\n¡pIbpw sN¿pI. (10) sFlnI hncànbpw Zcn{ZPohnXhpw XncsªSp¡pI.

""]ÀÆX¯n\p apIfn \n¶p Xmgvhcbnte¡p shÅw HgpIp¶ io{LXbn Fs¶ kvt\ln¡p¶hcnte¡p Zmcn{Zyw HgpInhcpsa¶v'' \_n(kz) A_qkCuZn JpZvcn (d)tbmSp ]dbpIbp­mbn. HcmÄ, ""AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNItc, A§sb Rm³ kvt\ln¡p¶p'' F¶p ]dªt¸mÄ ""]dbp¶ Imcyw {i²m]qÀÆw Nn´n¡q'' F¶v AhnSp¶v ]dªp. XZhkcw BWbn«p aq¶p XhW BhÀ¯n¨v AbmÄ ]dªp: "Rm³ A§sb kvt\ln¡pI Xs¶ sN¿p¶p'. Xncpta\n(kz) ]dªp: ""\o Fs¶ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Zmcn{Zys¯ XcWw sN¿m³ £abpsS Hcp c£mIhNw Xs¶ X¿mÀ sN¿pI''.

alm\mb klvep¯pkvXcn(d) ]dbp¶p: ""AÃmlpthmSpÅ kvt\l¯nsâ e£ Ww JpÀBt\mSpÅ kvt\lamWv. JpÀBs\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¶Xnsâ ASbmfw \_n(kz)sb kvt\ln¡pIbmWv. AXnsâ sXfnhv \_nNcysb kvt\ln¡pIbmWv. AXnsâ NnÓw ]ctemIkvt\lamWv. AXnsâ e£Ww `uXnI temIt¯mSpÅ AXr]vXnbmWv. AXnsâ ASbmfw PohnX bm{Xbv¡mhiyamb kÖoIcW§Ä AÃmsX asäm¶pw kw`cn¨p kq£n¡mXncn¡pIbmWv''(in^m 2:22).

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