\µnbpsSbpw hµ\¯nsâbpw hnImcw
tXmakv {_u¬ ]dª t]mse ""DÖzeamb kvt\l hnImcw Xs¶bmWv. Hcp hyànbn \n¶p
\ap¡v t\«§Ä e`n¡pt¼mgmWv Cu kvt\l hnImcapmIp¶Xv. k¼qÀ®amb
kt´mjt¯msSbpw A\yq\amb BßmÀYXtbmsSbpw \nÀÆln¡p¶ t{ijvTamb
s]cpamät¯mSpÅ ^e{]Zamb {]XnIcWamWp \µnbpw hµ\hpw. Cu {]XnIcWw kXzchpw
kzm`mhnIhpamWv''. HcmÄ kvt\ln¡s¸Sm\pw XZzmcm \µn¡pw hµ\¯n\pw AÀl\mbn¯ocm\papÅ
ImcW¯nsâ Hcp `uXnI ho£WamWp apIfn D²cn¨Xv. s{]m. hneyw tUhnUv k³
(William H. Davidson)
At±l¯nsâ aX [Àa hnÚm\ tImi¯n (Encyclopaedia
of Religion and Ethics vol: 6, P. 391)
 tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅ ho£WamWnXv.
Cu ho£Ww A]qÀ®amWv. kvt\lhmbv]nsâ
Hcp \nan¯w am{XamWv CXn Nqn¡mWn¨n«pÅXv. F«p \qämpIÄ¡p ap¼v Jmfo
Cbmfv(ln: 476þ544) \S¯nb ho£Ww hfsc ka{KamWv. ""a\pjysâ A`ncpNntbmSv
Hcp hkvXpthm hyàntbm HuNnXyw ]peÀ¯p¶Xp aqew Ah\v B hkvXphnt\mSv AsænÂ
B hyàntbmSv Dmhp¶ {]Xn]¯nbmWp kvt\lw. F¶m kvt\l¯n\m[mcamb Cu
HuNnXy¯n\p ImcWambn hÀ¯n¡p¶Xp aq¶p kwKXnIfmWv. B hyàn Ahsâ ]t©{µnb§Ä¡p
tKmNco`hn¡p¶Xp sImv Ah\v BkzmZ\apmhpI. kpµccq]§tfmSpw
kpc`neKÔ§tfmSpw a[pci_vZ§tfmSpw cpNnIcamb Blmc]m\ob§tfmSpw a\pjy³ kvt\lw
{]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv C¡mcW¯memWv. cv, Hcp hyànbpsS t{ijvTamb B´cnI KpW§sf
kw_Ôn¨p _p²n aptJ\bpmIp¶ {KlWmkzmZ\w. kÖ\§Ä, ]ÞnX·mÀ, [ÀanjvTÀ,
k¨cnXcpw kZvhr¯cpambn Adnbs¸« aäp hyànIÄ Chscsbms¡ \mw kvt\ln¡p¶Xv Cu
hgn¡mWv. C¯c¡mtcmSpÅ kvt\l hmbv]v {]IrXn klPamWv. aq¶v, B hyànbn \n¶v
D]Imctam A\p{Kltam e`n¡pI. D]Imchpw KpWhpw sN¿p¶htcmSp kvt\lw P\n¡pI
a\pjy{]IrXamWv(in^m 2:23).
HcmÄ asämcmsf kvt\ln¡p¶Xn\p
ImcWambn aq¶p Imcy§fmWp Nqn¡mWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. kuµcyw XpS§nb _mlyKpW§Ä,
hnÚm\w XpS§nb B´cnI KpW§Ä, Abmfn \n¶p X\n¡p e`n¡p¶ \·Ifpw D]Imc§fpw.
Cu aq¶n\§Ä¡pw imJIfpw D]imJIfpapv. Ahsbms¡ kvt\l¯n\m[mcamWv. Hcp
hyànbn H¯ptNÀ¶ KpW§fpsS F®¯nsâbpw h®¯nsâbpw A\p]mXa\pkcn¨mbncn¡pw kvt\l¯nsâ
Gä¡pd¨nÂ. kpµct\mSpw almkpµct\mSpapÅ kvt\lw XpeyaÃ. ]ÞnXt\mSpw
alm]ÞnXt\mSpapÅ kvt\l§Ä X½nepapv A´cw. A{]Imcw Xs¶ sNdnb KpWw sNbvXht\mSpÅ
kvt\laà henb KpWw sNbvXht\mSpÅXv. Hcp KpWw sNbvXht\mSpmbn¯ocp¶ kvt\lhpw
]e KpW§Ä sNbvXht\mSpÅ kvt\lhpw X½n {]ISamb hyXymkw ImWmw.
F¶m kvt\l¯nsâ FÃm \nan¯§fpw
ka{Kambn Hcp hyànbn H¯p tNÀ ¶mtem? B hyàn temI¯v, FÃmhcmepw, Ft¸mgpw,
Gähpw kvt\ln¡s¸Sm³ AÀl\mbncn¡psa¶ Imcy¯n XÀ¡¯n\nSbnÃ. A§s\ Hcp hyàn
]t£ DmIptam? AXp kw`hyamtWm? AtX, kw`hyamWv; kw`hn¨n«pv. temIw B
hyànsb hyàambn Ip. At±l¯nsâ AXpeyamb hyàn{]`mhs¯ i{Xpan{X t`Zsat\y
tcJs¸Sp¯pIbpapmbn.
kuµcyw, kuc`yw, {]k¶X, {]Xn`miàn,
kZmNmcw, kÂkz`mhw, kl\w, klnjvWpX, hnime a\kvIX, hnime ho£Ww, ZoÀL ZÀi\w,
ImcpWyw, alma\kvIX, ss[cyw, ssØcyw, kmlknIX, `cWw, t\XrXzw, kzm[o\w, \bX{´w,
\oXn\ymbw, bp²]mShw, ssk\ym[n]Xyw, A[ym]\w, kwkvIcWw, kap²mcWw, {]kwKw,
D]tZiw, in£Ww, ØntcmÕmlw, BßmÀYX, {]hÀ¯\w, tkh\w, kwLmS\w, BZnbmb FÃm
alZv KpW§fnepw A£cmÀY¯n AXpeyamb Hcp almhyànXzs¯ \mw Ncn{X¯n ImWp¶p.
AXmWp temI{]hmNI\mb apl½Zv \_n(kz). a\pjy kaql¯nsâ tam£¯n\pw
kap²mcW¯n\pw thn \_n(kz) sNbvXn«pÅ tkh\amWv Gähpw {it²bambn«pÅXv.
Jmfo Cbmfn(d)s\ Xs¶ D²cn¡s«. ""kIe hnizmknIÄ¡pw AhnSp¶v sNbvX KpWs¯¡mÄ
al¯camsbmcp KpWw asä´pv.!? kÀÆ apkvenwIÄ¡pw AhnSp¶v sNbvX A\p{Kls¯¡mÄ
henb A\p{Klw asä´pv!? AhÀ¡v amÀ¤ ZÀi\w \ÂIn AÔXbn \n¶hsc c£n¨p
hnPb¯nte¡pw {]Xm]¯nte¡pw Ahsc £Wn¨p. AhcpsS \mY\nte¡pÅ am[yahpw
in]mÀiI\pw km£nbpambn hÀ¯n¡pIbpw imizX ku`mKyhpw \nXykuJyhpw AhÀ¡v A\nhmcyam¡n¯oÀ¡pIbpw
sNbvXp.
aX ho£W¯n bYmÀY kvt\l¯nsâ
AhIminbmWp \_nX§sf¶p lZokpIÄ hyàam¡p¶p. {]IrXym t\m¡nbmepw bYmÀY kvt\l¯n\p
{]hmNI³ AÀl\msW¶ Imcyw kv]jvSamWv. X§fpsS hnimeamb KpWhpw hym]Iamb A\p{Klhpw
AXn\p sXfnhmWv. `uXnI temI¯v X\n¡v Ht¶m ctm XhW hà D]Imchpw \ÂIpItbm
Asæn Hc]IS¯n \nt¶m Hcp sNdnb hnja¯n \nt¶m c£ \ÂIpItbm sNbvX hyànsb
a\pjy³ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n A\izc ku`mKyw {]Zm\w sN¿pIbpw HSp§m¯ in£bnÂ
\n¶p c£n¡pIbpw sNbvX hyàn a\pjysâ kvt\l¯n\v Gähpw AÀl\mWv. a\pjy³ {]IrXym
Xs¶, Hcp `cWm[n]s\ Ahsâ kZv`cW¯nsâ t]cnepw Hcp \ymbm[n]s\ Ah sâ \oXnbpsS
t]cnepw Hcp hnZqckvYs\ AbmfpsS {]kn²amb hnÚm\¯nsâ tbm kz`mh
alnabpsStbm t]cnepw kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Cu alZvKpW§Ä apgph³ ]cn]qÀ®ambn
kt½fn¨ Hcp hyàn kvt\l¯n\pw {]Xn]¯n¡pw Gähpw AÀl³ Xs¶''(in^m 2:24þ25).
GsXmcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhns\
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfhpw Akm[yamb Hcp hn¹hamWp \_n(kz) km[n¨Xv. {]hmNIcpsS {]Ya
kwt_m[nXcmb Ad_nIfpsS ZpchØbpw ]X\hpw AXn\p aXnbmb sXfnhmWv. AXntesd
Zb\obambncp¶p tdmam t]Àjy³ km{amPy§fpsSbpw bqtdm¸nsâbpw ØnXn. F¨v. Pn.
shÂknsâ hcnIÄ Ipdn¡s«. ""ss_km´nb³ km{amPyhpw t]Àjy³ km{amPyhpw \ioIcW
t]mcm«§fnembncp¶p. C´ybmIs« XZhkcw On{ZXbnepw ZpØnXnbnepambncp¶p''
(A Short History of the World P.
144). (kodx \_hn¿x \Zvhn:
35).
bqtdm¸nsâ ]X\w tdm_À«v {_nt^mÄ«nsâ
hcnIfn \n¶p {Kln¡mw. "A©mw \qämp apX ]¯mw \qämp hsc bqtdm¸nepS\ofw
Xtamcm{Xn hym]n¨ncp¶p. Cu cm{XnbpsS XaÊv A\pZn\w hÀ²n¨p
sImncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. A¡mes¯ arKobX ]pcmX\ bpK§fnse arKobXtb¡mÄ `oIchpw
Adphjf\pambncp¶p. (The Making of
Humanity P. 164).(kodx
\_hn¿x \Zvhn: 33).
\mKcnI temIw apgph³ A¡me¯v
\mi h{à¯nse¯nbncp¶psh¶mWv sP.F¨v sU\n\³ ]dbp¶Xv. ""{In: A©v, Bdv \qämpIfnÂ
\mKcnI temIw apgph³ AcmPIXz¯nsâbpw\mi¯nsâbpw hmbbnse¯n¡gnªncp¶p. \membncw
hÀj§fmbn«p hfÀ¶p h¶ \mKcnIX A´À²m\w sN¿mdmsb¶p, ImWp¶hÀs¡m s¡ tXm¶pambncp¶p.
a\pjy³ hopw arKobXbnte¡pw {]mIrXXz¯nte¡pw aS§pIbmbncp¶p. B arKobXbnÂ
tKm{X§Ä ]ckv]cw Igp¯dp¡pIbpw hÀ¤§Ä¡pw hn`mK§Ä¡panSbn bp²w
Bfn¸ScpIbpambncp¶p. XZzmcm kam[m\w \ntÈjw \jvSs¸«ncp¶p.
(Emotion as the basis of civilization P
265). (AÂ _AvkpÂ
Ckveman)
Cu XeXncnª temI¯nsâ KXn¡p
amäw hcp¯n Hcp hntizm¯c kapZmbs¯ hmÀs¯Sp¡pI km[yambncp¶nÃ. ]t£, apl½Zv
apkvX^m(kz) AÃmlphnsâ klmbt¯msS CXp km[nXam¡n. {]kn² {^©v kmlnXyImc\mb
emaÀ«n³ (17901869 \_n Xncpta\n(kz)bpsS \ncp]aamb hnPb¯n\p ap¼n \{ainckvI\mIp¶Xp
ImWpI: ""C{Xbpw atlm¶Xamb Hcp e£y¯n\mbn Hcp a\pjy\pw Cd§n¯ncn¨
Ncn{XanÃ. ImcWw Cu e£yw a\pjyIgnhn¶XoXambncp¶p.a\pjysâbpw Ahsâ {kjvSmhnsâbpw
CSbv¡p krjvSn¡s¸« anYym`n¯nIÄ XIÀ¡pIbpw a\pjys\ ssI]nSn¨v Ahsâ \mYsâ ]SnhmXp¡te¡m\bn¡pIbpw
DÖzehpw kwip²hpamb GIssZh kn²m´w, kÀÆ hym]Iamb hn{Klmcm[\bpsSbpw `uXnI
ssZh§fpsSbpw ImÀtaLm´co£¯n bmYmÀYyam¡pIbpw sN¿pIbmbncp¶p B ]ctam¶X e£yw.
sNdpXpw \nÊmchpamb am[ya§fpambn CÆn[w ZpÀhlhpw F¶m AXn{][m\hpw
AXypZm¯hpamb D¯chmZn¯w asämcp a\pjy\pw GsäSp¯ kw`hapmbn«nÃ''
(Histore de la Turquie 2/276, Islam in the
world: P1516 ) (kodx
\_hn¿: \Zvhn 51).
C¡mcWw sImp Xs¶bmWv Ccp\qdp
hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v tXmakv ImÀsse kIe {]hmNI·mcpsSbpw Iq«¯n \n¶v apl½Zv \_n(kz)sb
Gähpw henb Ncn{X ]pcpj\mbn XncsªSp¯Xv. Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ A´y¯n ssa¡Â
F¨v lmÀ«v, Ncn{X¯n Gähpw kzm[o\w sNep¯nb \qdp alm·mcpsS Ncn{X ]«nIbpÄsImÅn¨v
The hundred F¶ {KÙsagpXnbt¸mÄ apl½Zv(kz)bv¡p {]Ya Øm\w \ÂInbXnsâ
ImcWhpw asäm¶Ã.
hnizhntamNI\mb {]hmNI
intcmaWnsb kvt\ln¡m³ temIw apgph³ ISs¸«ncn¡p¶p. ""kIe temI¯n\pw A\p{Klambn«pam{XamWp
Xm¦sf \mw \ntbmKn¨n«pÅXv'' F¶mWp JpÀBsâ {]kvXmhw. Cu bmYmÀYyw Adntªm
AdnbmsXtbm k½Xn¡m³ k·\Êp ImWn¨ Ncn{XImc·mcn Hcmfmb tPm¬ hneyw {Um¸À
(Jonhn William Draper)
]dbp¶p. "" PÌo\nb³
(Justinian) ImeKXn {]m]n¨v \mep hÀj§Ä¡p tijw, {In. 569  Atd_y³
D]Zzo]nse Hcp ]«Wamb a¡bn alm³ P\n¨p. At±l¯n\p, a\pjy hÀ¤¯n apgph³
kzm[o\w sNep¯m³ km[n¨p. apl½Zv \_nbn kt½fn¨ aZvlvKpW§Ä kapZmb§fpsSbpw
hÀ¤§fpsSbpw cmPy§fpsSbpw `cWIqS§fpsSbpw KXnIÄ¡p amäw hcp¯pIbpmbn
(A History of the Intellectual
Development of Europe 1:229).
Hcp a\pjysâ {]Yahpw ]cahpamb
kvt\lw Ahsâ {kjvSmhmb AÃmlpthmSmbncn¡Ww. AXpsImp Xs¶ cmas¯ kvt\lw
AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNIcmb Xncp\_ntbmSmbncn¡Ww. AYhm krjvSnIfn Gähpw henb
kvt\lw {]hmNIt\mSv. Cu kvt\lw kXyhnizmk¯nsâ auenILSIamWv. ""]dbpI: \n§fpsS
]nXm¡fpw ]p{X·mcpw ktlmZc§fpw CWIfpw \n§fpsS IpSpw_§fpw \n§Ä k¼mZn¨
k¼¯p¡fpw \n§Ä amµyw `bs¸Sp¶ I¨hS¨c¡pIfpw \n§Ä CjvSs¸« `h\§fpamWv
AÃmlpsh¡mfpw Ahsâ dkqens\¡mfpw Ahsâ amÀ¤¯n [Àakacw \S¯p¶Xns\¡mfpw \n§Ä¡p
{]nb¦csa¦n AÃmlp Ah sâ I¸\ \S¸n hcp¯p¶Xp hsc \n§Ä Im¯ncn¡pI.
AXn{IanIfmb P\Xsb AÃmlp k·mÀ¤¯nem¡pIbnà (hnip² JpÀB³ 9:24).
Xsâ k´m\§Ä, amXm]nXm¡Ä, aäp
P\§Ä ChscÃmhsc¡mfpw Fs¶ kvt\ ln¡p¶Xphsc Hcmfpw kXyhnizmknbmhpIbnsö \_n(kz)bpsS
{]kvXmh\ kp{]kn²amWv. DaÀ ^mdqJv(d) Hcn¡Â \_n(kz)tbmSv C{]Imcw ]dªp.
""AÃmlphmsW, Rm³ A§sb, Fsâ icoc¯nse Bßmshmgn¨pÅ asäÃm hkvXp¡sf¡mfpw {]nb¦c\m¡p¶p''.
At¸mÄ \_n(kz) ]dªp; kz´w Bßmhns\¡mfpw Rm³ X\n¡p {]nb¦c\mIp¶Xv hsc
Hcmfpw kXyhnizmknbmhpIbnÃ''. DSs\ DaÀ(d) C§s\ {]XnIcn¨p: "A§bv¡p hnip²
{KÙw AhXcn¸n¨h³ Xs¶ kXyw, Fsâ icoc¯nse Bßmhns\¡mfpw A§v F\n¡p {]nb¦c\mWv'.
DSs\ AhnSp¶v {]XnhNn¨p: ""Datd Ct¸mÄ.......''(_pJmcn). Hcn¡Â HcmÄ \_n
(kz)sb kao]n¨p tNmZn¨p: "A´yZn\w Ft¸mgmWv?' "\o AXn\mbn F´p X¿mÀ
sNbvXn«pv?' F¶mbncp¶p {]hmNIcpsS {]XnIcWw. At±lw ]dªp: "AXn\mbn Rm³
IqSpXÂ \nkv¡mchpw t\m¼pw kzZJbpw X¿mÀ sNbvXn«nÃ. ]t£, Rm³ AÃmlpshbpw
dkqens\bpw kvt\ln¡p¶p'. AhnSp¶v ]dªp: ""\o kvt\ln¨htcmsSm¸w Xs¶''.
AÃmlpshbpw dkqens\bpw Gähpw
A[nIw kvt\ln¡Wsa¶pw AXv Cuam\nsâ A\nhmcyLSIamsW¶pw kvt\lw Gähpw D¯aamb
Hcp C_mZ¯msW ¶pw \mw a\Ênem¡n. F¶m F´mWp kvt\l¯nsâ e£Ww. CXp kw_Ôambn
AÃmam; Jmfn Cbmfv(d) \ÂInb hniZoIcWw C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw. ""HcmÄ asämcmsf
kvt\ln¨m Ah\p ap³KW\ \ÂIp¶p. Aht\mSp tbmPn¸p {]ISn¸n¡p¶p. Csæn Ahsâ
kvt\lhmZw anYybmbncn¡pw. {]hmNI kvt\lhpw XssYh. ""HcmÄ {]hmNIs\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¶p
]dªmÂ, AXn kXyhpw BßmÀYXbpaps¦n B kvt\l¯nsâ e£Ww Ah\n {]ISamIpw.
{]hmNI kvt\l¯nsâ {]Ya e£Ww A\pkcWhpw A\pIcWhpamWv. hnip² JpÀB³ ]dbp¶p:
""Hm \_o, ]dbpI. \n§Ä AÃmlpsh kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Fs¶ A\pKan¡pI. F¦nÂ
AÃmlp \n§sf kvt\ln¡pw''.
At¸mÄ \_nNcy PohnX¯n ]IÀ¯Ww.
at\mhm¡Àa§fn \_n(kz)sb A\pIcn¡Ww. AXmWp kvt\l¯nsâ {]Yahpw {][m\hpamb
e£Ww. \_n Xncpta\n(kz) A\kp_v\p amenIv(d) F¶ injy\p \ÂInb Hcp]tZiw
ImWpI: ""IpªpaIt\, \nsâ a\Ên HcmtfmSpw Akqbbpw ]IbpanÃmsX {]`mXs¯bpw
{]tZmjs¯bpw A`napJoIcn¡m³ {ian¡pI. IpªpaIt\ AXv Fsâ Ncybn s]«XmWv.
Fsâ Ncy hÃh\pw Pohn¸n¨m Ah³ Fs¶ kvt\ln¨p. Fs¶ Bsc¦nepw kvt\ln¨m Ah³
Ft¶msSm¸w kzÀ¤¯nembn.
{]hmNI kvt\l¯nsâ {][m\ e£W§fnÂ
aäp NneXp IqSn ]dbmw.(1)\_n (kz)sb AÀlamb hn[w _lpam\n¡pI. \_n(kz)bpsS
t]cp tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ _lpam\hpw hn\bhpw {]ISn¸n¨p sImv kzem¯v sNmÃpI.(2) \_n(kz)sb
IqSpXembn {]iwkn¡pI. (3) ImWm³ D¡Samb B{Klw {]ISn¸n¡pI. (4) \_n (kz)
kvt\ln¨hsc kvt\ln¡pIbpw Ahsc shdp¡p¶hsc shdp¡pIbpw sN¿pI. (5) \_n(kz)tbmSp
i{XpX ]peÀ¯p¶htcmSp shdp¸p {]ISn¸n¡pI. (6) _nZvA¯pImsc _lnjvIcn¡pI.
(7) icoA¯n\p hncp²amb GsXmcp Imcyt¯mSpw A\njvSw {]ISn¸n¡pI. (8) JpÀBt\mSp
kvt\lw {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw AXp ]mcmbWw sN¿pIbpw Bibw {Kln¨p {]mhÀ¯nIam¡pIbpw
sN¿pI. (9) \_n(kz)bpsS A\pbmbnItfmSp Iqdpw ImcpWyhpw ImWn¡pIbpw AhcpsS
c£bv¡pw KpW¯n\pw thn bXv\n¡pIbpw sN¿pI. (10) sFlnI hncànbpw
Zcn{ZPohnXhpw XncsªSp¡pI.
""]ÀÆX¯n\p apIfn \n¶p
Xmgvhcbnte¡p shÅw HgpIp¶ io{LXbn Fs¶ kvt\ln¡p¶hcnte¡p Zmcn{Zyw
HgpInhcpsa¶v'' \_n(kz) A_qkCuZn JpZvcn (d)tbmSp ]dbpIbpmbn. HcmÄ, ""AÃmlphnsâ
{]hmNItc, A§sb Rm³ kvt\ln¡p¶p'' F¶p ]dªt¸mÄ ""]dbp¶ Imcyw {i²m]qÀÆw
Nn´n¡q'' F¶v AhnSp¶v ]dªp. XZhkcw BWbn«p aq¶p XhW BhÀ¯n¨v AbmÄ ]dªp:
"Rm³ A§sb kvt\ln¡pI Xs¶ sN¿p¶p'. Xncpta\n(kz) ]dªp: ""\o Fs¶ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦nÂ
Zmcn{Zys¯ XcWw sN¿m³ £abpsS Hcp c£mIhNw Xs¶ X¿mÀ sN¿pI''.
alm\mb klvep¯pkvXcn(d) ]dbp¶p:
""AÃmlpthmSpÅ kvt\l¯nsâ e£ Ww JpÀBt\mSpÅ kvt\lamWv. JpÀBs\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¶Xnsâ
ASbmfw \_n(kz)sb kvt\ln¡pIbmWv. AXnsâ sXfnhv \_nNcysb kvt\ln¡pIbmWv.
AXnsâ NnÓw ]ctemIkvt\lamWv. AXnsâ e£Ww `uXnI temIt¯mSpÅ AXr]vXnbmWv.
AXnsâ ASbmfw PohnX bm{Xbv¡mhiyamb kÖoIcW§Ä AÃmsX asäm¶pw kw`cn¨p kq£n¡mXncn¡pIbmWv''(in^m
2:22). |